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| 5681728786 | Clovis | King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy | 0 | |
| 5681728787 | King John | Henry's son; king of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without trials; was forced to sign the Magna Carta | 1 | |
| 5681728788 | Battle of Tours | battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe | 2 | |
| 5681728789 | Saint Clare of Assisi | influenced by Saint Francis; converted to life of piety and preaching; founded women's Franciscan order | 3 | |
| 5681728790 | Fief | An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty | 4 | |
| 5681728791 | Investiture | A formal conferring of power to clergy usually with robes or other Christian symbols. | 5 | |
| 5681728792 | Guilds | business associations that dominated medieval towns; they passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls for the city, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc. | 6 | |
| 5681728793 | Manorialism | Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land. | 7 | |
| 5681728794 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 8 | |
| 5681728795 | Doctrine | a belief, principle, or teaching; a system of such beliefs or principles; a formulation of such beliefs or principles | 9 | |
| 5681728796 | Chivalry | a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle | 10 | |
| 5681728797 | post classical period | (600-1450ce) began with the rise of Islam, philosophies saw the rise of new civilization centers emergence of network of global contacts, ended by Mongols | 11 | |
| 5681728798 | Middle Ages | the period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval." | 12 | |
| 5681728799 | Medieval | Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period between roughly 500 and 1400, signifying the period between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. | 13 | |
| 5681728800 | Amalgam | a combination of diverse elements; a mixture | 14 | |
| 5681728801 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 15 | |
| 5681728802 | Vikings | one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. | 16 | |
| 5681728803 | Monasteries | Religious community where Christians called monks gave up their possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. | 17 | |
| 5681728804 | Serfs | men and women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection | 18 | |
| 5681728805 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system. | 19 | |
| 5681728806 | Three Field System | a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. | 20 | |
| 5681728807 | Bishop | High-ranking Church official with authority over a local area, or diocese | 21 | |
| 5681728808 | Heresies | Religious opinions/beliefs contrary to the teachings of the Apostles and the Church | 22 | |
| 5681728809 | Franks | Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 they had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe. | 23 | |
| 5681728810 | Benedict of Nursia | Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire. | 24 | |
| 5681728811 | Benedictine Rule | rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulation monastic life. The rule emphasizes obedience, poverty and chastity and divides the day into periods of worship, work and study | 25 | |
| 5681728812 | Carolingians | Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries | 26 | |
| 5681728813 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. | 27 | |
| 5681728814 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival; was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800 | 28 | |
| 5681728815 | Holy Roman Emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. | 29 | |
| 5681728816 | Feudalism | A political, and social system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 30 | |
| 5681728817 | Vassals | lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord | 31 | |
| 5681728818 | Capetians | French dynasty ruling from 10th century; Developed a strong centralized monarchy | 32 | |
| 5681728819 | William the Conqueror | the duke of Normandy, a province of France, and the leader of the Norman Conquest of England. He defeated Harold the II and the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the first Norman King of England; compiled the Domesday book | 33 | |
| 5681728820 | Henry II | In 1154, He became king of England, broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law and establishing royal courts. Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, father of King John | 34 | |
| 5681728821 | King John | Henry's son; king of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without trials; was forced to sign the Magna Carta (which took some power away from him) | 35 | |
| 5681728822 | Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. | 36 | |
| 5681728823 | Parliament | The lawmaking body of British government | 37 | |
| 5681728824 | House of Lords | Upper house of Parliament, for nobles and bishops | 38 | |
| 5681728825 | House of Commons | the lower house of the British parliament, for wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class | 39 | |
| 5681728826 | Three Estates | The three classes in France's social hierarchy. These classes were not treated equally. 1. First Estate Clergy 1% of pop, 10% of land, 0% of taxes 2. Second estate Nobility 2% of pop, 20% of land, little taxes 3. Third estate Everyone else. All taxed, heavily. | 40 | |
| 5681728827 | Hundred Years War | ..., the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. | 41 | |
| 5681728828 | Joan of Arc | French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English during the Hundred Years War; she was later captured by the British tried for heresy and burned at the stake | 42 | |
| 5681728829 | Reconquista | The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492., The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims was completed in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. | 43 | |
| 5681728830 | Toledo | a city in central Spain on the Tagus river | 44 | |
| 5681728831 | Ferdinand and Isabella | During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they carried out Reconquista and Inquisition; made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus | 45 | |
| 5681728832 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | 46 | |
| 5681728833 | Saladin | 12th-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms. Famous in the Third Crusade along with Richard the Lionheart of England | 47 | |
| 5681728834 | Pope Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. | 48 | |
| 5681728835 | Franciscans | Founded by St. Francis, order stressed vows of poverty and gentleness and service to all creatures | 49 | |
| 5681728836 | Saint Francis | Founder of the Order of Friars (Franciscans), who supported themselves through alms and lived among and preached to the poor | 50 | |
| 5681728837 | Gregory VII | 11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops; banned practice of lay investiture, excommunicated Henry IV | 51 | |
| 5681728838 | Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the Pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness | 52 | |
| 5681728839 | Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. | 53 | |
| 5681728840 | Summas | Highest works of Aquinas, eliminated opposition to Aquinas theories | 54 | |
| 5681728841 | Scholasticism | A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason | 55 | |
| 5681728842 | Roger Bacon | (1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution. | 56 | |
| 5681728843 | Gothic Architecture | Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches | 57 | |
| 5681728844 | Romanesque Architecture | A style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD, rounded arches, massive walls, small windows | 58 | |
| 5681728845 | Vernacular | Everyday language of ordinary people | 59 | |
| 5681728846 | Geoffrey Chaucer | English author who wrote The Canterbury Tales, a literary masterpiece written in the vernacular in which pilgrims were going to worship at the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury. | 60 | |
| 5681728847 | Canterbury Tales | A collection of stories written in Middle-English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. The tales are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey . | 61 | |
| 5681728848 | Troubadors | Poet-musicians at the castles and courts in Europe; wrote short verses and songs about the pleasures of life and love; use the venacular | 62 | |
| 5681728849 | Egalitarian | Believing in the social and economic equality of all people | 63 | |
| 5681728850 | Hanseatic League | An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 64 | |
| 5681728851 | Jacques Coueur | One of Europe's extraordinary merchants, demonstrated the opportunities and risks of new forms of trade, worked in shipping and trading companies | 65 | |
| 5681728852 | Black Death | A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 | 66 | |
| 5681728853 | Chivalry | A code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle | 67 | |
| 5681728854 | Mystics | People who seek direct communion with divine forces | 68 | |
| 5681728855 | Otto I | King of Germany (reigned 936-973) who built a consolidated German-northern Italian state and was crowned emperor in 962, creating what became known in time as the "Holy Roman Empire" | 69 | |
| 5681728856 | Frederick Barbarossa | Holy Roman Emperor from 1152-1190 who sought to integrate the northern Italian region of Lombardy into his empire. Joined the 3rd crusade and but drowned in 1190 | 70 | |
| 5681728857 | Louis IX | This man ascended to the throne of France in 1226. He embodied the ideal of the perfect medieval monarch -- generous, noble, and devoted to justice and chivalry. He was a deeply religious man, and did much to improve royal government such as hearing cases himself. He was perhaps the most admired French ruler of the time. | 71 |
