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| 8040417342 | Kievan Rus | State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century; a culturally diverse region that included vikings, Finnic, and Baltic peoples. | 0 | |
| 8040417343 | System of Competing States | The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the Roman empire in the 5th century. | 1 | |
| 8040417344 | Vladimir | Grand Prince of Kiev whose conversion to Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy | 2 | |
| 8040417345 | Vikings | Scandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe in the late 8th-11th century | 3 | |
| 8040417346 | Natural Philosophy | The scientific study of nature | 4 | |
| 8040417347 | Holy Roman Empire | The Germany-based empire founded by Otto in 962 ce | 5 | |
| 8040417348 | Hybrid Civilization | Path of Western Europe in the centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Lead to a society with elements of classical Rome, Germanic Barbarians, and Christianity. | 6 | |
| 8040417349 | Iconoclasm | The desctruction of holy images. The Byzantine state policy of image destruction from 726-843 | 7 | |
| 8040417350 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor noted for his short-lived reconquest of the Western Roman Empire and his codification of Roman law | 8 | |
| 8040417351 | Indulgence | A remission of the penalty for confessed sin that could only be granted by the pope. | 9 | |
| 8040417352 | Cyril and Methodius | 9th-century Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs who developed Cyrillic script so they could read Slavic languages. | 10 | |
| 8040417353 | Cyrillic | Alphabet based on Greek letters to write Slavic languages | 11 | |
| 8040417354 | European Cities | Urbanization that began in 11th-century Western Europe. Towns created major trade networks and a high degree of independence | 12 | |
| 8040417355 | Greek Fire | Form of liquid fire that could be sprayed at the enemy, invented by the Byzantines and important to stop Arab advance in their territory. | 13 | |
| 8040417356 | Guild | An association formed by people with the same jobs that regulates their professions and provides a social and religious network for members | 14 | |
| 8040417357 | Charlemagne | Ruler of the Carolingian empire who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe | 15 | |
| 8040417358 | Crusades | The holy wars waged by Western Christendom from 1095-beyond the Middle Ages | 16 | |
| 8040417359 | Roman Catholic Christianity | Western European branch of Christianity that separated itself from Eastern Orthodoxy in 1054 ce | 17 | |
| 8040417360 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Eastern Roman branch of Christianity that separated itself from the dominant Roman Catholic Christianity | 18 | |
| 8040417361 | Constantinople | New capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire established in 330 ce | 19 | |
| 8040417362 | Byzantine Empire | The surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries | 20 | |
| 8040417363 | Caesaropapism | System in which the political leader is also the religious leader | 21 | |
| 8040424741 | Otto I | (936-973) German King who built the Holy Roman Empire 962 ce. | 22 | |
| 8040440456 | Aristotle and classical Greek learning | (384-322 bce) The infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe's universities shaped intellectual development for several centuries. | 23 |
