Rome
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| 240859774 | Romulus and Remus | According to legend, these twins rescued by a she-wolf and founded Rome in 753 B.C.E. Indo-European migrants settled in Italy from 2000 B.C.E. | 0 | |
| 240859775 | The Etruscans | Probably migrated from Anatolia Dominated Italy from the 8th to 5th centuries B.C.E. Declined, attacked by Gaul and defeated by Greek fleets | 1 | |
| 240859776 | The kingdom of Rome | A small kingdom on the Tiber River, ruled by monarchies Easy access to the Mediterranean Trade routes converged on Rome | 2 | |
| 240859777 | Establishment of the Republic | Rome nobility deposed the last Etruscan king in 509 B.C.E. Republican constitution included two consuls: civil and military Consuls were elected by an assembly dominated by the patricians The Senate advised the consuls and ratified major decisions Both Senate and consuls represented the interests of the patricians | 3 | |
| 240859778 | Conflicts between patricians and plebeians | Plebeians' threat to secede from Rome Patricians granted plebeians the tribunes Tribunes' power to intervene and veto decisions Plebeians' tribunes dominated Roman politics, early 3rd century B.C.E. In times of crisis, ruled by short-term dictatorship | 4 | |
| 240859779 | The Expansion of the Republic | Rome consolidated its position in Italy, 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E. Conflict with Carthage and Hellenistic realms The Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.E.), defeated Carthaginians Conflicts with Antigonids and Seleucids, 5 major wars Rome became a preeminent power in the Mediterranean | 5 | |
| 240859780 | The Gracchi brothers | Tiberius Gracchus represented interests of Rome's lower classes Served as a tribune, passed a law that set limits for landholding Assassinated in 132 B.C.E. The younger brother, Gaius Gracchus, continued the reform Was branded as a outlaw, killed by mercenaries The Republican government could no longer maintain power balance | 6 | |
| 240859781 | Marius and Sulla | Gaius Marius recruited a private army from landless residents Became the most prominent general, the late 2nd century B.C.E. Conservative aristocratic class supported general Lucius Cornelius Sulla | 7 | |
| 240859782 | Civil War | Marius seized Rome in 87 B.C.E. Sulla seized Rome in 83 B.C.E. after Marius died Sulla's five years of terror in Rome | 8 | |
| 240859783 | Julius Caesar | Marius's nephew, favored liberal policies and social reform Gained fame by sponsoring public spectacles Conquered Gaul, became more popular Seized Rome in 49 B.C.E. Claimed the title "dictator for life," 46 B.C.E. Social reforms and centralized control Assassinated in 44 B.C.E. | 9 |
