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| 11332045217 | What did the Jesus sutras do and where were they from? | They interpreted Christianity and blended Christian concepts with Daoism and Buddhism; they came from China | 0 | |
| 11332045218 | Why was Ethiopia an exception to the contraction of Christendom in Asia and Africa? | Its mountainous geography and sheltering of Muslims. | 1 | |
| 11332045219 | How did the Byzantine state regard political and religious power? | Political and religious power were centralized within the state. | 2 | |
| 11332045220 | How were Byzantine emperors seen? | As God's representative and advisor. | 3 | |
| 11332045221 | What occurred between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches in 1054? | Both churches excommunicated the other, believing that the other was not Christian. | 4 | |
| 11332045222 | Which Christian church was in the West/Latin Europe? | Roman Catholic | 5 | |
| 11332045223 | Which Christian church was in the East/Byzantine? | Eastern Orthodox | 6 | |
| 11332045224 | What was the impact of the Crusades? | New ideas, technologies, and trade opportunities were brought to Europe and helped people on that continent began to move out of backwardness; to introduce Greek philosophy, foreign art and architecture, and new trade routes to Europe; and weakened the Byzantine Empire. | 7 | |
| 11332045225 | What were the purpose of the Crusades? | To reclaim the Holy Lands; motives changed slightly through later Crusades. | 8 | |
| 11332045226 | What was significant about trade after the collapse of the Roman Empire? | It was very limited throughout Western Europe. | 9 | |
| 11332045227 | What is an example of Byzantium's cultural influence? | Preservation of Greek learning. | 10 | |
| 11332045228 | What are examples of Byzantine impact on the High Middle Ages? | Long-distance trade, coins as a major currency, and silk production. | 11 | |
| 11332045229 | Who were Cyril and Methodius? | They developed a written language (Cyrillic script) to help the Slavs understand Christianity. | 12 | |
| 11332045230 | What type of society was Latin Christendom? | A localized and heavily rural society. | 13 | |
| 11332045231 | Why did Prince Kiev adopt Christianity? | To connect the kingdom of Rus to the outside world (especially the Byzantine Empire) and preserve the ability to eat meat and drink alcohol. | 14 | |
| 11332045232 | What was lost with the fall of Rome in 476? | Centralized rule, land under cultivation, urban life, literacy, and Western European trade. | 15 | |
| 11332045233 | What aspects of Rome survived? | Roman law and military organization in both parts of Europe. | 16 | |
| 11332045234 | What were some examples of a Western European attempts to retake the Roman Empire? | Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire; Otto of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire | 17 | |
| 11332045235 | What were the High Middle Ages? | A period from 1000-1300 when Europe began to emerge from being backward and disconnected from the world's trading centers. | 18 | |
| 11332045236 | How did the High Middle Ages affect the rights of women? | It diminished them as men began to reassert power in religion and commerce. | 19 | |
| 11332045237 | What was essential to economic growth in Western Europe? | The re-emergence of long-distance trade. | 20 | |
| 11332045238 | What did Western European trade look like in the High Middle Ages? | Centers of commercial activity from Northern Europe to the Baltic coast; major trading network in Italy dominated by Genoa and Venice; trading partners were the more established civilizations of Byzantium and Islam | 21 | |
| 11332045239 | What was a direct effect of economic growth in Western Europe? | Urbanization and economic specialization. | 22 | |
| 11332045240 | What opportunities existed for women in the High Middle Ages? | Women practiced trade and work before they were removed by men. | 23 | |
| 11332045241 | What did merchants, diplomats, and emissaries do for Europe? | Established connections to the outside world and showed how backwards Western Europe was. | 24 | |
| 11332045242 | What two major ideas were combined in the Crusades? | Christian piety and warrior values. | 25 | |
| 11332045243 | Why were the Crusades important in terms of faith? | They showed that warriors often disregarded Christian teachings of peace and faith. | 26 | |
| 11332045244 | What is an example of Christian violence during the Crusades? | The seize of Jerusalem in 1099 resulting in a mass massacre of Muslims and Jews in Jesus' land; the sack of Constantinople in 1204 | 27 | |
| 11332045245 | What were regions that experienced attacks by Crusaders? | Palestine, Iberian Peninsula, Baltic Sea, Byzantium, and Russia. | 28 | |
| 11332045246 | What were cultural impacts of the Crusades? | Cross-cultural trade, technology transfer, and intellectual exchange | 29 | |
| 11332045247 | Who did Western Europe also target during the later Crusades? | Eastern Orthodox Christianity. | 30 | |
| 11332045248 | What was an impact of the Crusades on Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic region? | They permanently joined the world of Western Christendom. | 31 | |
| 11332045249 | How did the Crusades affect the consolidation of power in Western Europe? | Kings led the Crusades along with knights, and on their deaths other kings consolidated the lands to begin the formation of nation states. | 32 | |
| 11332045250 | How did the Western European commercial interests change during the Crusades? | Western Europe discovered new goods they had no prior taste for. | 33 | |
| 11332045251 | What was the dynamic of power in Western Europe? | A three-way struggle between the heads of state, church authority, and nobility; this struggle led to the rise of capitalism and eventually democratic republics. | 34 | |
| 11332045252 | How did connections to Greek thought affect Christianity? | It changed the understanding of faith in some parts. | 35 | |
| 11332045282 | Eastern Orthodoxy | Church established in the Byzantine Empire after the split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1054; Greek & Russian Orthodox Churches descend from this. |  | 36 |
| 11332045283 | Roman Catholic Christianity | Western Christian church headed by the Pope in Rome. Influential in Western Europe. |  | 37 |
| 11332045284 | Byzantium | An old Greek city, renamed Constantinople, that became the center of the Byzantine Empire; present day Istanbul. |  | 38 |
| 11332045285 | Windmill | An engine powered by the wind designed to produce energy from an inexhaustible source. Adopted in Europe c. twelfth-thirteenth centuries. (technology) |  | 39 |
| 11332045286 | Oxford | University that emerged in England c. late 13th century. |  | 40 |
| 11332045253 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks, he eventually was crowned emperor of the Romans by the Pope on Christmas day, 800 CE. As ruler of the Carolingian Empire (r. 768-814), he staged an imperial revival in Western Europe and tried to unite the region under Christianity. He also was a brilliant military strategist who was even able to stop the spread of Islam in Spain. | 41 | |
| 11332045254 | Christianity, Eastern Orthodox | Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice. | 42 | |
| 11332045255 | Christianity, Roman Catholic | Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C.E. that has still not been healed; ___ was not commonly used until after the Protestant Reformation, but the term is just since, by the eleventh century, Western Christendom defined itself in centralized terms, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine. | 43 | |
| 11332045256 | Crusades | Modern term meaning "ventures of the cross," used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom from 1095 until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond; They could only be declared by the pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving an indulgence in return. | 44 | |
| 11332045257 | Cyrillic | Alphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by two Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages. | 45 | |
| 11332045258 | Ethiopian Christianity | Christianity in Ethiopia traces back to the Christian kingdom of Axum. As Islam expanded it became an island of Christianity in a Muslim sea, cut off from the rest of Christendom. | 46 | |
| 11332045259 | European cities | Western Europe saw a major process of urbanization beginning in the eleventh century, with towns that created major trade networks and that were notable for the high degree of independence they often enjoyed. | 47 | |
| 11332045260 | Great Schism | the 1054 split between the western Christian church and the Eastern Christian church. | 48 | |
| 11332045261 | guild | An association formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulates their professions and also provides a social and religious network for members. | 49 | |
| 11332045262 | Hagia Sophia | Great domed church constructed during the reign of Justinian. | 50 | |
| 11332045263 | hybrid civilization | The distinctive path of Western Europe in the centuries following the fall of the western Roman Empire, leading to a society that included elements of ancient Rome, the practices of Germanic invaders who formed new states, Christianity, and elements of pre-Roman culture that still survived. | 51 | |
| 11332045264 | icons | holy images which became a source of controversy in the early church due to the commandmant, "you shall have no false gods before me." | 52 | |
| 11332045265 | iconoclasm | The destruction of holy images; a term most often used to describe the Byzantine state policy of image destruction from 726 to 843. | 53 | |
| 11332045266 | indulgence | A remission of the penalty (penance) for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope, at first to Crusaders and later for a variety of reasons. | 54 | |
| 11332045267 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of love in the Western tradition. | 55 | |
| 11332045268 | Jesus Sutras | Written texts from a Nestorian Christian church in China during the Tang dynasty that show Buddhist and Daoist influence. | 56 | |
| 11332045269 | Manorialism | system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land. | 57 | |
| 11332045270 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory. | 58 | |
| 11332045271 | Moldboard plow | heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils. | 59 | |
| 11332045272 | natural philosophy | The scientific study of nature, which developed, especially in Europe, in the later Middle Ages. | 60 | |
| 11332045273 | Nubian Christianity | south of Egypt, Nubia just like Ethiopia remained Christian despite the Arab invasions spreading Islam, until 1500 until it finally succumbed and disappeared. | 61 | |
| 11332045274 | Otto I | King of Germany (r. 936-973) who built a consolidated German-northern Italian state and was crowned emperor in 962, creating what became known in time as the "Holy Roman Empire." | 62 | |
| 11332045275 | Penifader, Cecilia | an illiterate peasant woman born in 1297, holds no historical significance except that historian Judith Bennett has used court records of her life to provide a window into the life of ordinary peasant women during this time. | 63 | |
| 11332045276 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems. | 64 | |
| 11332045277 | system of competing states | The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E. in which the existence of many small, independent states encouraged military and economic competition. | 65 | |
| 11332045278 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God. | 66 | |
| 11332045279 | Vikings | Scandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe in the late eighth to eleventh centuries; their more peaceful cousins also Christendom founded colonies, including Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland. | 67 | |
| 11332045280 | Vladimir, prince of Kiev | Grand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 C.E.) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy. | 68 | |
| 11332045287 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the Western Empire was conquered by the Germans at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. |  | 69 |
| 11332045288 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine Empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul. Capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established by Emperor Constantine in 330 C.E. on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium; its highly defensible and economically important site helped assure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries. | | 70 |
| 11332045289 | Ottoman Empire | A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. |  | 71 |
| 11332045290 | Latin Christianity | Western Christian church headed by the Pope in Rome. Influential in Western Europe. | | 72 |
| 11332045291 | Latin Language | Written and spoken Roman language, basis for modern Romance Languages: French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian. Very influential on English after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. |  | 73 |
| 11332045292 | Germanic Kingdoms | They began to replace Roman provinces in Western Europe in the years of upheaval between 400 and 600. The borders of these kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war. |  | 74 |
| 11332045293 | Nestorianism | A form of Christianity that emerged in the 5th century CE. It was based upon the teachings of Nestor who taught, essentially, that Jesus was two beings at the same time. Usually practiced outside of Europe. Was briefly very influential in China. It was cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions. |  | 75 |
| 11332045294 | Justinian | 6th century Byzantine emperor (r. 527-565 C.E.), noted for his short-lived reconquest of much of the former western Roman Empire and for his codification of Roman law. Also known for rebuilding Constantinople. |  | 76 |
| 11332045295 | Caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. "Caesar over Pope." |  | 77 |
| 11332045296 | Arius | A man who was the cause for doctrinal dissensions of the church in the early 4th century because he believed that Jesus, being created by his Father, was inferior to God, meaning he was only semi-divine. This was ruled as heresy at the Council of Nicaea in 325. |  | 78 |
| 11332045297 | Council of Nicea | A council called by Constantine in A.C.E 325 in order to solidify further teachings of Chrisitianity. In Nicea in Anatolia (Turkey,) the Church leaders wrote the Nicene Creed, which defines the basic beliefs of many Christian churches. |  | 79 |
| 11332045298 | Nestorius | Bishop of Constantinople who called for the council of Ephesus because he believed Jesus was 2 persons, started Nestorian branch of the Christian Church. |  | 80 |
| 11332045299 | Greek | Primary language for the Byzantine Empire. Contrasted with Latin Christianity in the West, Byzantine language tended to influence Eastern Christianity. More so than in the West, Byzantine thinkers sought to formulate Christian doctrine in terms of Greek philosophical concepts. |  | 81 |
| 11332045300 | Iconoclast Controversy | Conflict caused by the eastern emperor's decision to condemn the use of icons in worship vs. Catholics in western Europe that worshiped icons. |  | 82 |
| 11332045301 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople. |  | 83 |
| 11332045302 | Bezant | A gold coin of the Byzantine Empire. |  | 84 |
| 11332045303 | Bulgars | Asiatic people, defeated the Eastern Roman forces, took possession of the lower Danube Valley, set up a strong Bulgarian kingdom. |  | 85 |
| 11332045304 | Franks | A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (France). |  | 86 |
| 11332045305 | Cyril and Methodius | Ninth-century Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic. |  | 87 |
| 11332045306 | Cyrillic | An alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages. |  | 88 |
| 11332045307 | Kievan Rus | State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the Ninth century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia. |  | 89 |
| 11332045308 | Dnieper River | A river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea. |  | 90 |
| 11332045309 | Third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453. |  | 91 |
| 11332045310 | Russification | A tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and provided education only for those groups loyal to Russia. |  | 92 |
| 11332045311 | Woden | The supreme god in the Anglo-Saxon pantheon. He had magical healing powers, a tricky nature, and strength in battle. Anglo-Saxon kings claimed to be his descendants. Namesake for "Wednesday." |  | 93 |
| 11332045312 | Carolingian Empire | Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century. |  | 94 |
| 11332045313 | Holy Roman Empire | An Germanic empire founded by Otto I in 962 C.E., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy (term was invented in 12th century). |  | 95 |
| 11332045314 | Feudalism | A political, economic, and social system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (serfs.) |  | 96 |
| 11332045315 | Magyars | A group of people in Eastern Europe, called the "Hungarians", attacked the Franks. |  | 97 |
| 11332045316 | High Middle Ages | Age of Faith (1000-1300,) People all over western Europe began to look to the Church and to the people to provide moral and spiritual leadership. Spurred on by the success of the Gregorian reform movement, this was a time of vast increase in the power and reputation of the Church and papacy. |  | 98 |
| 11332045317 | Italian City-States | Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples. |  | 99 |
| 11332045318 | Baltic Trade | Fish, salt, wood, beeswax, furs, rye, wheat, cloth, and wine. Items traded on the sea around the north of Europe. (trade) |  | 100 |
| 11332045319 | Cordoba | Capital of Muslim Andalusia (Spain), an economic center; hundreds of workshops; culture and learning flourished there. |  | 101 |
| 11332045320 | Venice | An Italian trading city on the Adriatic Sea; agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople. |  | 102 |
| 11332045321 | Genoa | Name the port in northern Italy that has a long history of shipbuilding and was Christopher Columbus's birthplace. |  | 103 |
| 11332045322 | Hildegard of Bingen | Abbess of a religious house in Western Germany; one of first important women composers and contributor to Gregorian chant; had visions and was mystic and prophet to kings, popes, emperors, priests (1098-1179.) (role of women) |  | 104 |
| 11332045323 | Beguines | Independent communities of laywomen that first emerged in Europe in the High Middle Ages. They had no rule or permanent religious vows, but they shared a form of common life and engaged in contemplative prayer or ministries of caring for the sick and poor. |  | 105 |
| 11332045324 | Julian of Norwich | Female hermit and anchoress (lived in room attached to a church) who spoke about Jesus in feminine terms. (role of women) |  | 106 |
| 11332045325 | Three-field system | A system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left un-planted. |  | 107 |
| 11332045326 | Heavy Plow | Device of the sixth century CE permitting the turning of heavy northern soils in Northern Europe, rotating crops, and increased agricultural production. |  | 108 |
| 11332045327 | Windmill | An engine powered by the wind designed to produce energy from an inexhaustible source. Adopted in Europe c. twelfth-thirteenth centuries. (technology) | | 109 |
| 11332045328 | Water-driven mill | An engine powered by rivers adopted in Europe by the ninth century CE. (technology) |  | 110 |
| 11332045329 | Gunpowder | An invention originating in China but adopted in Europe by the fourteenth century; Europeans used gunpowder to create new forms of artillery, like cannons, that eventually surpassed Chinese inventions. |  | 111 |
| 11332045330 | Tertullian | Father of Latin theology c. 150-225 CE. He disliked the influence of Greek Rationalism on Christianity and famously quoted "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?" |  | 112 |
| 11332045331 | University of Paris | Gained great prestige between 1259 and 1281 with programs in theology, law, medicine, and philosophy. First university in Western Europe. |  | 113 |
| 11332045332 | Bernard of Clairvaux | (1090-1153) Christian thinker who emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. |  | 114 |
| 11332045333 | Adelard of Bath | (1080-1142) An orator and translator who traveled to Spain, where he learned from Arabic teachers; translated Ptolemy and Euclid's Elements and gave Europe astronomy and geometry. He himself also observed that light travels faster than sound and believed God was an explanation reserved only for when others failed. |  | 115 |
| 11332045334 | Aristotle | Hugely influential upon European scholasticism in the Middle Ages. His logical approach and "scientific temperament" influenced European intellectuals more than anyone else. His writings became the basis for European university education and largely dominated the thought of Western Europe in the five centuries after 1200. |  | 116 |
| 11332045335 | Plato's Academy | The philosophical school founded by Plato in 385 BCE. The Roman emperor Justinian I closed it in 529 CE, a date that some call the beginning of the "Dark Ages." |  | 117 |
| 11332045281 | Anchoress | A women who lived in complete, ascetic solitude (couldn't have the normal pleasures in life) | 118 |
