The Worlds of European Christendom: Connected and Divided, 500-1300
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| 3864887967 | Christendom | (1) christianity provided common ground for postclassical societies in western Eurasia (2) deeply divided; Byzantine Empire and West | 0 | |
| 3864895993 | Major differences | (1) Roman Catholic Church established independence from political authories; eastern orthodox did not (2) Western was more rural than Byzantium (3) Western empire collapsed in 5th century; Eastern half survived another 1000 years (4) Western half led by the pope; Eastern by the Emperor and Patriarch | 1 | |
| 3864901403 | Eastern Christendom / Byzantium | (1) viewed as a continuation of the Roman Empire (2) began with the founding of Constantinople (3) conscious effort to preserve Roman ways (4) increasingly defined itself in opposition to Latin Christianity Advantages (1) wealthier and urbanized (2) defensible capital (3) access to the Black Sea; command of eastern Mediterranean (4) strong military (5) continuation of late Roman infrastructure State (1) much smaller than the Roman Empire (2) political authority tightly centralized in Constantinople (3) emperor; court (4) concerned with tax collection and keeping order (5) territory shrank after attacks from western europe; empire ends with conquering by Ottoman Turks Influence of Orthodox Christianity (1) legitimated imperial rule (2) provided cultural identity (3) engaged common people in theological disputes Byzantium and the World (1) continuation of long Roman fight with the Persian Empire (2) central player in long-distance trade (3) transmission of orthodox Christianity to Balkans and Russia | 2 | |
| 3864922505 | caeraropapism | church connected closely to the state (1) byzantine emperor was head of both the state and the Church (2) emperor appointed the patriarch, made doctrinal decisions, called church councils | 3 | |
| 3864953180 | Conversion of Russia | (1) Prince Vladimir of Kiev (2) sought to convert to a religion; chose orthodoxy (3) orthodoxy transformed the state of Rus; became the central identity (4) Moscow assumed the role of protector of Christianity after the fall of Constantinople | 4 | |
| 3864934343 | Divided Christendom | (1) sense of religious differences reflected political difference (2) different language, philosophy, theology, church practice (3) mutual excommunication (4) crusades worsened the situation | 5 | |
| 3864963394 | Western Christendom | (1) far removed from the growing world trade routes (2) geography made political unity difficult Following the fall of Western Rome (1) large-scale centralized rule vanished (2) population fell (3) diminution of urban life (4) Germanic peoples emerged as the dominant peoples in the West (5) shift in center of gravity from Mediterranean to north and west Survival of Roman Culture (1) Germanic peoples who established new kingdoms had been substantially Romanized already (2) high prestige of things Roman (3) adopted Roman-style written law (4) Charlemagne tried to recreate Roman-style unity; acted imperial Society and the Church (1) kingdoms were highly fragmented and decentralized; great local variation (2) social hierarchy modeled on that of the Roman Empire (3) lords, knights, serfs, etc (4) conversion of Europe's non-Christians (5) church and ruling class usually reinforced each other | 6 | |
| 3864989797 | High Middle Ages (western) | time of clear growth and expansion (1) following the conclusion of invasions from Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings (2) growth of long distance trade (3) population increase (4) new specializations; organized into guilds opportunities for women (1) number of urban professions (2) opportunities declined by the 15th century (3) religious life as nuns or anchoresses growth of state (1) territorial states with better organized governments (2) kings consolidated their authority (3) appearance of professional administrators | 7 | |
| 3865004033 | The Cruscades | (1) began in 1095 at god's command; authorized by the Pope (2) series of religious wars (3) some aimed to regain Jerusalem and holy places (4) little lasting political or religious impact in the Middle East Impact on Europe (1) conquest of Spain, Sicily, Baltic region (2) weakened Byzantium (3) popes strengthened their position | 8 | |
| 3865017087 | Development of Western Europe | (1) exchanged and borrowed from more advanced civilizations to the east; especially China (2) innovation in agriculture, energy, warfare (3) Crystallized into a system of competing states (4) development of representative institutions (parliaments) | 9 | |
| 3865023913 | Reason and Faith in Western Europe | (1) distinctive tension between faith and reason developed (2) intellectual life flourished after 1000 (3) in universities, scholars began to emphasize the ability of human reason to understand divine mysteries (4) development of natural philosophy, the scientific study of nature (5) search for classical greek texts; especially aristotle | 10 | |
| 3865031126 | Impact of Aristotle | (1) writings were the basis of university education (2) dominated Western European thought between 1200 and 1700 | 11 | |
| 3865034469 | Reason and Faith in Byzantine | (1) no similar development occurred (2) focus of education was the humanities (3) suspicion of classical Greek thought | 12 |
