Terms : Hide Images
| 15478433058 | Classical Greek Learning | an infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe's universities that shaped intellectual development for several centuries; featured the philosophies of Aristotle, Plato and Socrates | 0 | |
| 15478433059 | Byzantine Empire | Term used by modern historians to refer to the surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries | 1 | |
| 15478433060 | caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire | 2 | |
| 15478433061 | Charlemagne | Ruler of the Carolingian Empire who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe | 3 | |
| 15478433062 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe | 4 | |
| 15478433063 | Roman Catholic Christianity | Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 CE that has still not been healed | 5 | |
| 15478433064 | Constantinople | New capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established by Emperor Constantine on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium; Constantinople's site helped assure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries | 6 | |
| 15478433065 | Crusades | Modern term used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom from 1095 CE until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond; Crusades could only be declared by the pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving an indulgence in return. | 7 | |
| 15478433066 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs whose development of Cyrillic script made it possible to write Slavic languages | 8 | |
| 15478433067 | Cyrillic | Alphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages. | 9 | |
| 15478433068 | European cities | Western Europe saw a major process of urbanization beginning in the 11th century, with towns that created major trade networks and that were notable for the high degree of independence they enjoyed | 10 | |
| 15478433069 | Greek fire | form of liquid fire that could be sprayed at the enemy; invented by the Byzantines and very important in the efforts to halt Arab advance into Byzantine territory | 11 | |
| 15478433070 | guild | An association formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulates their professions and also provides a social and religious network for members | 12 | |
| 15478433071 | Holy Roman Empire | Term invented to describe the Germany-based empire founded by Otto I in 962 CE | 13 | |
| 15478433072 | hybrid civilization | The distinctive path of Western Europe in the centuries following the fall of the western Roman Empire, leading to a society that included elements of ancient Rome, the practices of Germanic invaders who formed new states, Christianity, and elements of pre-Roman culture that still survived | 14 | |
| 15478433073 | iconoclasm | a term most often used to describe the Byzantine state policy of image destruction | 15 | |
| 15478433074 | indulgence | A remission of the penalty (penance) for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope | 16 | |
| 15478433075 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor noted for his short-lived reconquest of much of the former western Roman Empire and for his codification of Roman law. | 17 | |
| 15478433076 | Kievan Rus | State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 CE had long-term implications for Russia | 18 | |
| 15478433077 | natural philosophy | The scientific study of nature which developed, especially in Europe, in the later Middle Ages | 19 | |
| 15478433078 | Otto I | King of Germany who built a consolidated German-northern Italian state and was crowned emperor, creating what became known in time as the "Holy Roman Empire" | 20 | |
| 15478433079 | system of competing states | The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the western Roman Empire in which the existence of many small, independent states encouraged military and economic competition | 21 | |
| 15478433080 | Vikings | Scandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe; their more peaceful cousins also founded colonies including Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland | 22 | |
| 15478433081 | Prince Vladimir | Grand prince of Kiev whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy. | 23 |
