A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe
AP World Civilizations Third Edition
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| 788105941 | Vikings | one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. (600's-900's) | 0 | |
| 788105942 | Manorialism | Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.; labor or rent for access to land; increased agricultural production | 1 | |
| 788105943 | moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system. | 2 | |
| 788105944 | three-field-system | a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. | 3 | |
| 788105945 | Clovis | 5th century (400's) Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity; created one of the strongest kingdoms of europe | 4 | |
| 788105946 | Benedict of Nursia | Italian monk who as founder of the Benedictine order (c. 529) is considered the patriarch of Western monasticism; developed the most important set of monastic rules; the spread of Benedictine monasteries promoted christian unity in Western Europe | 5 | |
| 788105947 | Carolingians | the family that ruled the Franks in Gaul from 751 to 987 in the Carolingian Dynasty. This began when Pepin was declared king. They lost power after the Treaty of Verdun. | 6 | |
| 788105948 | Charlemagne | Frankish king who built a large empire, promoted education, and was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by the Pope in the year 800; first holy roman emperor | 7 | |
| 788105949 | holy Roman emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. | 8 | |
| 788105950 | feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 9 | |
| 788105951 | vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 10 | |
| 788105952 | William the Conqueror | of Viking descent; the duke of Normandy, a province of France, and the leader of the Norman Conquest of England. He defeated the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the first Norman King of England.; William achieves political stability in England with the introduction of the feudal system. The system progresses over the next two centuries into a national monarchy. | 11 | |
| 788105953 | Magna Carta | (Great Charter) Written in order to cease John's demands of money from the English without the consent of the barons and to require that all men be judged by a jury of peers in public courts, rather than privately by the crown. The Magna Carta serves as a symbol of a limited government and a crown that is bound by the same laws as the public. | 12 | |
| 788105954 | parliaments | originally a feudal court for the king and not yet a system of representative government.; bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France. | 13 | |
| 788105955 | three estates | "those who fight, those who pray, and those who work;" i.e. the nobles, clergy, and peasants/serfs | 14 | |
| 788105956 | Hundred Years' War | series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. England loses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact- France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in 1453. (1337-1453) | 15 | |
| 788105957 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims; all losses except for the first; aimed to aid Byzantium but weakened it | 16 | |
| 788105958 | Pope Urban II | called for the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control. | 17 | |
| 788105959 | Pope Gregory VII | Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture. | 18 | |
| 788105960 | Lay Investiture | A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice, leading to a war with Holy Emperor Henry IV | 19 | |
| 788105961 | THE Philosopher | Aristotle as known to the Middle Ages; was value because of his clear exposition of rational thought | 20 | |
| 788105962 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 21 | |
| 788105963 | St. Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. | 22 | |
| 788105964 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God; influential scholastic thinker (1225-1274) wrote Summa Theologica, recognized faith and reason as overlapping realms of knowledge | 23 | |
| 788105965 | scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 24 | |
| 788105966 | Gothic | relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches and tall spires. | 25 | |
| 788105967 | Beowulf | Anglo-Saxon epic poem dated to the 8th century which details Anglo-Saxon society through the adventures of the hero Beowulf. | 26 | |
| 788105968 | The Song of Roland | French national epic about a brave member of Charlemagne's army. It portrays Roland as the ideal chivalric knight and Charlemagne as exercising a sacred kind of kingship, important because it reveals the popular image of Charlemagne in later centuries. | 27 | |
| 788105969 | Canterbury Tales | A collection of stories written in Middle-English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. The tales are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey . | 28 | |
| 788105970 | The Romance of the Rose | A thirteenth-century French allegorical epic poem started by Guillaume de Lorris and later expanded upon by Jean de Meun.; used vivid sexual imagery | 29 | |
| 788105971 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 30 | |
| 788105972 | The Good Wife | late 14th century Parisian manual that revealed the kind of thinking about gender that became more pronounced as medieval society developed in the West.; stressed women's roles as the assistants and comforters of men, listing supplemental household tasks, and docile virtues as women's distinctive spheres | 31 | |
| 788105973 | Black Death | the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe | 32 | |
| 788105974 | Middle Ages | the period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval." | 33 | |
| 788105975 | Charles Martel | the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.; the defeat of the Muslims helped confine them to Spain and, along with the byzantine defeat of the Arabs in the same period, preserved Europe for christianity | 34 |
