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| 8018974982 | Aristotle and classical Greek learning | Some works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE) had always been known in Western Europe, but beginning in the eleventh century, medieval thought was increasingly shaped by a great recovery of Aristotle's works and a fascination with other Greek authors; this infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe's universities shaped intellectual development for several centuries. | 0 | |
| 8018974984 | Byzantine Empire | A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395. | 1 | |
| 8018974986 | Caesaropapism | The system in which the temporal ruler extends his own power to ecclesiastical and theological matters. Such emperors appointed bishops and the Eastern Patriarch, directed the development of liturgical practices, and even aided the recruitment of monks. | 2 | |
| 8018974988 | Charlemagne | A Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800. Built the largest empire since the Roman Empire. | 3 | |
| 8018974990 | Christianity, Eastern Orthodox | A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the Pope as its supreme leader. | 4 | |
| 8018974992 | Christianity, Roman Catholic | Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054ce that still has not been healed. | 5 | |
| 8018974994 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine Empire and later the Ottoman Empire, now known as Istanbul. | 6 | |
| 8018974996 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 7 | |
| 8018974998 | Cyril and Methodius | Ninth-century Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs whose development of Cyrillic script made it possible to write Slavic languages. | 8 | |
| 8018975000 | Cyrillic | Alphabet based on Greek letters that were developed by two Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages. | 9 | |
| 8018975002 | European cities | Western Europe saw a major process of urbanization beginning in the eleventh century, with towns that created major trade networks and that was notable for the high degree of independence they often enjoyed. | 10 | |
| 8018975004 | Greek fire | A form of liquid fire that could be sprayed at the enemy; invented by the Byzantines and very important in their efforts to halt the Arab advance into Byzantine territory. | 11 | |
| 8018975006 | Guild | An association formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulates their professions and also provides a social and religious network for members. | 12 | |
| 8018975008 | Holy Roman Empire: | A term invented in the twelfth century to describe the Germany-based empire founded by Otto I in 962 C.E. | 13 | |
| 8018975010 | Iconoclasm | The destruction of holy images; a term most often used to describe the Byzantine state policy of image destruction from 726 to 843. | 14 | |
| 8018975012 | Indulgence | A remission of the penalty (penance) for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope, at first to Crusaders and later for a variety of reasons. | 15 | |
| 8018975014 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program, including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code. | 16 | |
| 8018975016 | Kievan Rus | A monarchy established in present-day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from the Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine. | 17 | |
| 8018975018 | Natural philosophy | The scientific study of nature, which developed, especially in Europe, in the later Middle Ages. | 18 | |
| 8018975020 | Otto I | King of Germany (r. 936-973) who built a consolidated German-northern Italian state and was crowned emperor in 962, creating what became known at the time as the "Holy Roman Empire." | 19 | |
| 8018975022 | System of Competing States | The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E. in which the existence of many small, independent states encouraged military and economic competition. | 20 | |
| 8018975024 | Vikings | Scandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe in the late eighth to eleventh centuries; their more peaceful cousins also founded colonies, including Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland. | 21 | |
| 8018975026 | Vladimir, Prince of Kiev | A Russian (Kievan) prince who converted to Orthodox Christianity and ordered his subjects to follow his example. Allowed Byzantium to have a lot of influence over the Slavic territories | 22 |
