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| 5702118542 | Carthage | Northern African kingdom, main rival to early Roman expansion, that was defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars. | 0 | |
| 5702118543 | Cult of Isis | A popular Roman religion of salvation in which an afterlife was promised to followers. | 1 | |
| 5702118544 | Essenes | Jewish sect that looked for the arrival of a savior; they were similar in some of their core beliefs to the early Christians. | 2 | |
| 5702118545 | Etruscans | Northern Italian society that initially dominated the Romans; the Etruscans helped convey Greek concepts to the expanding Romans. | 3 | |
| 5702118546 | Latifundia | Huge state-run and slave-worked farms in ancient Rome. | 4 | |
| 5702118547 | Mithraism | Mystery religion based on worship of the sun god Mithras; it became popular among the Romans because of its promise of salvation. underground chambers were used to conduct secret rituals involving the slaughter of bulls; followers were mostly military men | 5 | |
| 5702118548 | Pater familias | Roman term for the "father of the family," a theoretical implication that gave the male head of the family almost unlimited authority. | 6 | |
| 5702118549 | Patriarchy | System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line. | 7 | |
| 5702118550 | Paul of Tarsus | A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity. Paul never met Jesus but he had a vision one day of speaking to him. Executed because spreading of Christianity was a threat to the government. | 8 | |
| 5702118551 | Pax Romana | Roman Peace, a term that relates to the period of political stability, cultural brilliance, and economic prosperity beginning with unification under Augustus and lasting through the first two centuries C.E. | 9 | |
| 5702118552 | Plebians | Roman common people. | 10 | |
| 5702118553 | Remus | Founder of Rome, killed by his brother Romulus | 11 | |
| 5702118554 | Roman republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148) | 12 | |
| 5702118555 | Stoics | Hellenistic philosophers who encouraged their followers to lead active, virtuous lives and to aid others. | 13 | |
| 5702118556 | Strabo | geographer (first century C.E.). | 14 | |
| 5702118557 | Patrician | a member of the noble families who controlled all power in the early years of the Roman Republic | 15 | |
| 5702118558 | Plebeian | an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman Republic | 16 | |
| 5702118559 | Punic War | war between Rome and Carthage; Romans sent an army to Sicily and Carthage considered this an act of war, and both sides fought over Sicily; Carthage paid Rome and gave them Sicily; Rome then encouraged one of Carthage's Spanish empires to revolt against Carthage; Rome then defeated Carthage | 17 | |
| 5702118560 | Gracchi brothers | brothers who tried to reform the Roman Empire by giving back Latifundias to the small farmers but were assassinated | 18 | |
| 5702118561 | Lucius Cornelius Sulla | he was a strong general that utilized a new system for military recruitment. The council of plebeians tried to switch power over to Marius but a civil war broke out. He ended up winning and seized Rome.. | 19 | |
| 5702118562 | Gaius Marius | A Roman general appointed be the Senate to capture Jugurtha of Northern Africa. He reformed the military into a much more efficient system, making sure that all soldiers were professionals that had no family and all soldiers were paid directly by their commanders, a key part of Caesar's rise to power later on. | 20 | |
| 5702118563 | Julius Caesar | Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power | 21 | |
| 5702118564 | Mark Antony | Part of the second triumvirate, he opposed Octavian in the East/West power split, and controlled the Asian regions. He married Cleopatra and together they lost the war with the West after losing the battle of Actium. He committed suicide. | 22 | |
| 5702118565 | Augustus Caesar | the adopted son of ceaser. the first emporer of rome. he often ignored the senate to got control but once he did he respected the senate. he was careful to not act to much like a king. the people were giving him more power because he gave them peace and prosperity. | 23 | |
| 5702118566 | Juvenal | Roman satirist who denounced the vice and folly of Roman society during the reign of the emperor Domitian (60-140), satirical writer during the silver age of writing. | 24 | |
| 5702118567 | Livy | Historian of Roman Republic who wrote about the struggle between plebians and patricians | 25 | |
| 5702118568 | Tacitus | A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories. | 26 | |
| 5702118569 | Christ | a title given to Jesus that means "anointed one" | 27 | |
| 5702118570 | Tiber River | River that runs through Rome | 28 | |
| 5702118571 | consul | Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other. | 29 | |
| 5702118572 | tribunes | An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates. | 30 | |
| 5702118573 | twelve tables | the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law | 31 | |
| 5702118574 | Roman navy | Hunted down pirates helping trade flourish | 32 | |
| 5702118575 | Mediterranean trade | allowed Roman empire to trade with many different places thus increasing the economy | 33 | |
| 5702118576 | bread and circuses | A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems. | 34 | |
| 5702118577 | Spartacus | Slave, trained as a gladiator, who led a rebellion against the roman army for slave freedom- he was killed after two years. | 35 | |
| 5702118578 | Stoicism | an indifference to pleasure or pain | 36 | |
| 5702118579 | Cicero | Cicero was a stoic philosopher; his letters and treatises emphasized the individual's duty to live in accordance with nature and reason - speaks at Caesar's triumphal parade. He later dies at the order of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. | 37 | |
| 5702118580 | Dead Sea Scrolls | Ancient scrolls containing the oldest known manuscripts of the books of the Old Testament in Hebrew. They were unearthed near Qumran on the Dead Sea between 1947 and 1953. | 38 | |
| 5702118581 | Jesus of Nazareth | Jewish teacher who preached reforms in Judaism. His followers believed him to be the Messiah and savior sent by God to redeem humanity. Over time, his disciples spread Jesus' message of compassion and forgiveness throughout the Roman Empire. | 39 | |
| 5702118582 | Coliseum | giant stadium in rome that was built in 80 ce. Provided public entertainment. Gladiator fight, mock naval battles, and martyring Christians all took place in the coliseum | 40 | |
| 5702118583 | Roman Senate | A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. | 41 | |
| 5702118584 | Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud | 42 | |
| 5702118585 | Christianity | a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior | 43 | |
| 5702118586 | Mare Nostrum | (our sea) the Mediterranean to the ancient Romans | 44 | |
| 5702118587 | Sermon of the Mount | Jesus preached to a crowd on a hillside saying that he has not come to abolished the Jewish law but to fulfill it. | 45 | |
| 5702118588 | Aeneas | a mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War | 46 | |
| 5702118589 | Roman Forum | Political center of the Roman Empire; ideal place for dramatic public speeches; town square | 47 | |
| 5702118590 | Gauls | group of people sacked the city of Rome and left it in ruins 390 bc, came from what is now known as france | 48 | |
| 5702118591 | Gladiators | trained fighters, usually slaves, who fought in arenas as entertainment | 49 |
