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| 600198311 | Kinship groups | Pastoral peoples were organized in kinship-based groups or clans, and these related clans sometimes came together as a tribe which could then absorb unrelated people into the community. Clans were often ranked with some being aristocratic with large flocks of animals and others being commoners with fewer animals. | 0 | |
| 600198312 | Nomads | Pastoral people are referred to as nomads because they moved their herds along a seasonal pattern which followed the changes in vegetation and water supply in order to provide these things for their herds. While nomads moved frequently, they were not homeless or unorganized, but took their homes with them and maintained an organized existence. | 1 | |
| 600198313 | Manichaeism | Manichaeism is a religion that began in Persia and incorporated elements from Zoroastrians, Christians and Buddhists. Pastoral nomads adopted Manichaeism along with other religions as they were culturally influenced by their agricultural neighbors. | 2 | |
| 600198314 | Seljuk Turks | The Seljuk Turks ruled Persia and present-day Iraq and in the process began to adopt the Muslim religion./Not only did the Turks adopt Islam themselves, but they spread the religion to previously non-Muslim areas as well. | 3 | |
| 600198315 | Sultan | Sultan was the Muslim title for ruler./The Seljuk Turks began to adopt this title while ruling Persia and present-day Iraq after converting to Islam. | 4 | |
| 600198316 | Masai | The Masai were a nomadic people in Africa who raised cattle and believed that their pastoral way of life was superior to their agricultural neighbor's./The Masai created a group identity by a practice of initiation for adolescent boys from a variety of villages that bound them forever. | 5 | |
| 600198317 | Mongols | The Mongols were a nomadic pastoral people from Mongolia that created the largest land-based empire in all of human history./The Mongol culture and religion did not influence those they conquered as these people were treated as subservient to their conquerors. Therefore any remains of the Mongolian culture are confined to Mongolia today. | 6 | |
| 600198318 | Shaman | Shamans were Mongolian religious specialists who predicted the future, offered sacrifices and communicated with the spirit world./Mongolian rulers sometimes consulted shamans. | 7 | |
| 600198319 | Chinggis Khan Genghis | Temujin, who later became known as Chinggis Khan (universal ruler), united an unstable and fractious collection of tribes and clans into a Great Mongol Nation that was then able to conquer and create an empire that contained China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Islamic Middle East and parts of Eastern Europe. /Chinggis Khan's rule was followed by his son's and grandson's Ogodei, Mongke, and Khubilai. | 8 | |
| 600198320 | Yuan Dynasty | When the Mongols conquered China, they adopted many Chinese practices including Chinese administrative practices, techniques of taxation, and their postal system and adopted the Chinese dynastic title, the Yuan./The Mongols moved the capital to Khanbalik meaning "city of khan" which is now the city of Beijing. | 9 | |
| 600198321 | Khubilai Khan | Khubilai Khan was the grandson of Chinggis Khan and the Mongolian ruler of China./Khubilai Khan supported many reforms in China that gave him strong political support including improving roads, building canals, lowering taxes, patronizing scholars and artists, limiting the death penalty and torture, supporting peasant agriculture, and prohibiting Mongols from grazing their animals on peasants' farmland. | 10 | |
| 600198322 | Sack of Baghdad | The Abbasid caliphate was ended with the sacking of Baghdad which included the massacring of more than 200,000 people./The Mongolian conquest came with a great amount of slaughter that the Persians had never before experienced. | 11 | |
| 600198323 | Khanate of the Golden Horde | The Khanate of the Golden Horde is the Russian term for the Mongolian conquest of Russia. This conquest was at least equally as ferocious as the Mongolian conquests of Persia and China./Because the Mongols felt that Russia had no useful resources, it was not worth them occupying. | 12 | |
| 600198324 | Black Death | The Black Death was a disease spread by the fleas of rats through the Mongol Empire and beyond./As much as a half of the population of infected areas was wiped out by this disease | 13 |
