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| 7871428342 | Charlemagne | Pepin's son who ruled the Frankish kingdom from 768 to 814 CE; In exchange for conquering Lombardy in Italy, he was named Emperor of the Romans by the Pope in 800. He led a force east that defeated the Saxons and converted them to Christianity. He encouraged church-based education and used regional administrators to help govern his empire. | 0 | |
| 7871461378 | Franks | Germanic people who established an early capital in Paris | 1 | |
| 7871469895 | Carolingian Dynasty | Martel founded the ___________ _______ of the Frankish Kingdom and ruled from 737 to 741. | 2 | |
| 7871477639 | Holy Roman Empire | Charlemagne;s rule foreshadowed the coming of the ____ _____ ______; loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 3 | |
| 7871489539 | Norsemen | the Scandinavian Vikings; a second group of invaders from modern day Norway, Denmark, Sweden | 4 | |
| 7871503201 | Magyars | a third wave of invaders that came from the east, originally from Central Asia; encroached on the Byzantine Empire too after the fall of Rome and went to settle in present day Germany, Italy and France; they were slowly assimilated into Christianity and came under the control of the monarchs of Central Europe after the 10th century. | 5 | |
| 7871528924 | Battle of Tours | Charles Martel was a military leader of the Franks who led Christian forces of northern France, Belgium, and western Germany to defeat the Muslims at the ______ __ _____ in 732. | 6 | |
| 7871536535 | estates | legal classes | 7 | |
| 7871546995 | Magna Carta | signed by King John in 1215 under pressure from leading nobles, required the king to observe certain rights, such as the right to a jury trial before a noble could be sentenced to prison | 8 | |
| 7871561364 | Hundreds Years' War | 1337-1453; England invaded France; English retained only the port of Calais in France as a result of the war, a strong sense of unity evolved in both countries during the period | 9 | |
| 7871587211 | reconquista | reconquest | 10 | |
| 7871589609 | Holy Land | the region of Palestine in the Middle East that contains sites of spiritual significance to Jews, Christians and Muslims | 11 | |
| 7871598425 | lords | landowners who promised to fight for the king, the _____ were the kings' vassals; could hire knights | 12 | |
| 7871600502 | vassals | the lords were the kings' _______- people who owed service to another person | 13 | |
| 7871608576 | knights | lords could hire ______ to fight for them by offering them a piece of land; the ______ would be the vassals of the lords and owe the lords service | 14 | |
| 7871619178 | fiefs | kings paid nobles with land called _____ | 15 | |
| 7871629163 | feudalism | system of obligations between lords, vassals, and knights | 16 | |
| 7871632919 | serfs | peasants who were tied to the land, and could not marry or travel without permission from their lords. In exchange for protection provided by the lord of the manor, they paid tribute in the form of crops, labor or, in rare cases, coins | 17 | |
| 7871636488 | bishops | hierarchy of regional _______ who owed allegiance to the pope; they were selected and supervised by local priests | 18 | |
| 7871646271 | pope | the supreme bishop of Rome | 19 | |
| 7871648261 | priests | the bishops selected and supervised local _______ | 20 | |
| 7871655226 | bourgeoisie | a middle class, also known as burghers | 21 | |
| 7871656884 | burghers | a middle class; also known as bourgeoisie | 22 | |
| 7871658803 | vernacular language | the native language or native dialect of a specific population, Latin dialects developed into new __________ _________ such as French, Italian, and Spanish | 23 | |
| 7871674254 | Great Schism | the Christian Church experienced a division and split into two branches: the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox | 24 | |
| 7871680963 | code of chivalry | the feudal system incorporated a ____ __ ________ as a way to resolve disputes and to show etiquette; since women were to be protected, the code put them on a pedestal while not investing them with any significant additional important; in practice, women did not have many rights | 25 | |
| 7871708789 | manorial system | provided both economic self-sufficiency and defense | 26 | |
| 7871718635 | Hanseatic League | cities in northern Germany and in Scandinavia formed a commercial alliance called the _________ ______; controlling trade in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, member cities were able to drive out pirates and monopolize trade in goods | 27 | |
| 7871742769 | guilds | associations of craftspeople or merchants | 28 | |
| 7871744463 | Marco Polo | Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. | 29 | |
| 7871752191 | longships | Vikings traveled in these light _________ that enabled sailors to travel far inland on rivers as well as conduct coastal raids on seals they were frightening vessels with dragons on the prows and fierce sailers abroad; they carried as many as 50 men each and had bands of oars and a single large sail | 30 | |
| 7871772360 | three-field system | crops were rotated in and out of three fields | 31 | |
| 7871778047 | Black Death | the plague that was introduced to Europe by the way of trading routes | 32 |
