Terms : Hide Images
| 298588500 | Avicenna | great Muslim physician, philosopher and mathmatician. Created encyclopedia of diseases. | 0 | |
| 298588501 | Cosimo de' Medici | Gained control of Florence and lead the Medici's uncrowned rule for years to come. | 1 | |
| 298588502 | Desiderius Eurasmus | This influential humanist from northern Europe wrote a new edition of the New Testament in Greek as well as other influential works | 2 | |
| 298588503 | Edward III | son of Isabella of England. He could only exercise rightful sovereignty over Aquitaine by becoming king of France. He led the country into the Hundred Years' war. | 3 | |
| 298588504 | Francesco Petrarch | One of the major literary figures of the Western Renaissance; an Italian author and humanist | 4 | |
| 298588505 | Fugger family | A family in Germany who had a great deal of money due to international banking, and they used there pull to patronize art of the Northern Renaissance. | 5 | |
| 298588506 | Geoffrey Chaucer | English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400) | 6 | |
| 298588507 | Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter, used oil paints, had a twin brother | 7 | |
| 298588508 | Johann Gutenberg | his bible was the first book in the west printed from movable type | 8 | |
| 298588509 | Leonardo da Vinci | renaissance artist that used oil paints | 9 | |
| 298588510 | Marco Polo | Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. | 10 | |
| 298588511 | Medici family | Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries | 11 | |
| 298588512 | Michelangelo | This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling | 12 | |
| 298588513 | Thomas Aquinas | influential scholastic thinker (1225-1274) wrote Summa Theologica, recognized faith and reason as overlapping realms of knowledge | 13 | |
| 298588514 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-98 he led an expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route | 14 | |
| 298588515 | Avignon Papacy | that period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome | 15 | |
| 298588516 | Canterbury Tales | an uncompleted series of tales written after 1387 by Geoffrey Chaucer | 16 | |
| 298588517 | Flying buttresses | stone support on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher walls and leave space for large stained-glass windows | 17 | |
| 298588518 | Gothic cathedrals | large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. | 18 | |
| 298588519 | Guilds | in medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. Guilds were also important in other societies, such as the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. | 19 | |
| 298588520 | Hanseatic League | an economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the 14th century | 20 | |
| 298588521 | Humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later | 21 | |
| 298588522 | Magna Carta | the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215 | 22 | |
| 298588523 | Printing press | a mechanical device for transferring texts or graphics from a wood block or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450 | 23 | |
| 298588524 | Three-field system | a rotational system for agriculture in which two fields grow food crops and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced the two-field system in medieval Europe. | 24 | |
| 298588525 | Universities | degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in the Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern | 25 | |
| 298588526 | Water wheel | a mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe. | 26 | |
| 298588527 | Black Death | an outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons | 27 | |
| 298588528 | Fourth Crusade | a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem | 28 | |
| 298588529 | Great Western Schism | a division in the latin (western) Christian church between 1378 and 1415, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon | 29 | |
| 298588530 | Hundred Years' War | series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families | 30 | |
| 298588531 | Reconquest of Iberia | beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1942 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. | 31 | |
| 298588532 | Renaissance | a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian renaissance, from roughly the mid 14th to mid 15th century, and a northern (trans Alpine) renaissance, from roughly the early 15th to early 17th century | 32 | |
| 298588533 | Scholasticism | a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the 13th century | 33 | |
| 298588534 | ALfonso I | Christian manikongo who wrote to his brother, the king of Portugal, begging for his help because unauthorized Kongolese were kidnapping and selling people. No response. Rebellion and relocation of the slave trade from his kingdom to the south weakened the manikongo's authority | 34 | |
| 298588535 | Atahualpa | last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. Defeated Huascar, the candidate of royal court at Cuzco. | 35 | |
| 298588536 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight of the Indian Ocean | 36 | |
| 298588537 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. | 37 | |
| 298588538 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world (but he died in the middle of this) | 38 | |
| 298588539 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533 | 39 | |
| 298588540 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa in the 15th century. His staff improved instruments such as the magnetic compass and the astrolabe. | 40 | |
| 298588541 | Hernán Cortés | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. Used military power: firearms, cavalry tactics; steel swords. | 41 | |
| 298588542 | Moctezuma II | Aztec emperor who died while in custody of the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. He hesitated to use force; used diplomacy instead. Agreed to welcome Spaniards. | 42 | |
| 298588543 | Zheng He | an imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming Emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from SE Asia to Africa | 43 | |
| 298588544 | Austronesia | The islands of the Pacific Ocean, including Indonesia, Malanesia, Mirconesia, and Polynesia. | 44 | |
| 298588545 | Caravel | a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic ("best ships that sailed the seas") | 45 | |
| 298588546 | Conquistadors | early 16th century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru | 46 | |
| 298588547 | Gold Coast (Africa) | region of the Atlantic coast of W Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. Was the headquarters for Portugal's W African trade | 47 | |
| 298588548 | Conquest of the Aztec | Cortés heard of this rich empire and pushed towards the capital of Tenochtitlan. The emperor Moctezuma II tried to use diplomacy rather than warfare, but they took him prisoner, looted his treasury, interfered with the city's religious rituals, and massacred hundreds. The people tried a rebellion, and in the confusion, Moctezuma was killed. An epidemic of smallpox also killed many. | 48 | |
| 298588549 | Conquest of the Inca | These people were weakened when Francisco Pizarro came to conquer them, because they had just had a family fight for the throne. Pizarro arranged to meet their emperor, Atahualpa, and then attacked him. Atahualpa offered a huge ransom, which the Spanish took and then executed him anyway. | 49 | |
| 298588550 | European Exploration | Astrolabe and compass. Accurate maps and new ships. | 50 | |
| 298588551 | Charles I (England) | 1625; son of James I; not too smart; 1st English king who is devout Anglican; wasn't going to compromise his religion; accused of Catholicism b/c he married Henrietta (a Catholic); relationship with Parlement: tried to get on their good side...needed money all the time; asked Parle for some, but they said no. "Petition of Right"..he dissolved Parle....but then the Scots invaded because of an attempt to bring Anglican into their country, and Charles is screwed since he doesn't have an army | 51 | |
| 298588552 | Charles II (England) | king put on throne during the restoration, careful not to provoke Parliament, though had catholic and dissenter sympathies | 52 | |
| 298588553 | Charles V (HRE) | King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor who began the Hapsburg dynasty; created a bureaucracy in Spain; abdicated all of his thrones in 1556 possibly because he was unable to preserve the Church against Luther | 53 | |
| 298588554 | Copernicus | polish monk and mathematician. Published his heliocentric theory near the end of his life. | 54 | |
| 298588555 | Galileo Galilei | built a telescope and recorded in The Starry Messenger that the moon had mountains and valleys and the sun had spots and other planets had their own moons | 55 | |
| 298588556 | Habsburgs | a powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian Empire, and ruled 16th and 17th century spain. | 56 | |
| 298588557 | Ignatius Loyola | Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises. | 57 | |
| 298588558 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician. Carried Galileo's demonstration that the heavens and Earth share a common physics to its logical conclusion by formulating mathematical laws that governed all physical objects. He was famous for his law of gravity and his role in developing calculus. | 58 | |
| 298588559 | James II (England) | James II of England reigned from 1685-1688; he succeeded his brother Charles II. Almost at once, the worst English Anti-Catholic fears, already aroused by France's Louis XIV's revocation of Edict of Nantes, were realized. James was an avowed Catholic and he had violated the Test Act; when he appointed Roman Catholic positions in the Army, the universities, and local government. When he was tested in court, he chose the judges so they went with his side of the story. The king was suspending that law at will and appeared to be reviving the absolutism of his father and grandfather. He even issued a declaration of indulgences granting religious freedom to all. This led to his expulsion and the Glorious Revolution. (553-554) | 59 | |
| 298588560 | Johannes Kepler | worked with Tycho Brahe and improved Copernicus's model and proved that planets actually move in elliptical, not circular, orbits | 60 | |
| 298588561 | John Calvin | French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion | 61 | |
| 298588562 | John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) | 62 | |
| 298588563 | Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) | 63 | |
| 298588564 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 64 | |
| 298588565 | Philip II (Spain) | This was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies | 65 | |
| 298588566 | Tycho Brahe | built the best observatory in Europe. His assistant was Johannes Kepler | 66 | |
| 298588567 | Bourgeoisie | educated, middle class of France; provided force behind the Revolution | 67 | |
| 298588568 | Holy Roman Empire | the lands ruled by Charlemagne | 68 | |
| 298588569 | Indulgences | the forgiveness of past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the protestant Reformation | 69 | |
| 298588570 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 70 | |
| 298588571 | Joint-stock company | an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business | 71 | |
| 298588572 | Spanish Armada | the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | 72 | |
| 298588573 | Stock exchange | an exchange where security trading is conducted by professional stockbrokers | 73 | |
| 298588574 | Versailles | constructed during the reign of Louis XVI of France, the palace of Versailles could house 10 thousand people. Surrounded by elaborately landscaped grounds and parks, the palace became an effective symbol of royal absolutism. | 74 | |
| 298588575 | Balance of power | The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. | 75 | |
| 298588576 | Catholic Reformation | religious reform movement within the Latin Christian church, begun in response to the protestant reformation. It clarified catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline | 76 | |
| 298588577 | Divine Right of Kings | the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God | 77 | |
| 298588578 | Edict of Nantes | 1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants | 78 | |
| 298588579 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | 79 | |
| 298588580 | Enlightenment | a philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics | 80 | |
| 298588581 | Little Ice Age | Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation. | 81 | |
| 298588582 | Middle Passage | a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 82 | |
| 298588583 | Peace of Augsburg | A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. | 83 | |
| 298588584 | Protestant Reformation | religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protestors" forming several new Christian denominations, including Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England | 84 | |
| 298588585 | Scientific Revolution | the intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science | 85 | |
| 298588586 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 86 | |
| 298588587 | Witch-hunt | the pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late 16th and 17th centuries | 87 | |
| 298588588 | Bartolomé de Las Casas | first bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the new laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them. It was his idea to bring slaves from Africa. | 88 | |
| 298588589 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 89 | |
| 298588590 | Tupac Amaru II | member of Inca Aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. | 90 | |
| 298588591 | Brazil | the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world | 91 | |
| 298588592 | Creoles | in colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the new world. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples | 92 | |
| 298588593 | Encomienda | a grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians | 93 | |
| 298588594 | Hidalgos | The minor nobility of Spain. Often they possessed little wealth and were interested in improving their position through the overseas empire. | 94 | |
| 298588595 | House of Burgesses | elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618 | 95 | |
| 298588596 | indentured servant | a migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from about 4-7 years | 96 | |
| 298588597 | Iroquois Confederacy | an alliance of 5 NE Amerindian peoples that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the confederacy dominated that area from western New England to the Great Lakes. | 97 | |
| 298588598 | Mestizo | term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent | 98 | |
| 298588599 | Mulatto | the term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent | 99 | |
| 298588600 | New France | French colony in N America, with a capital in Quebec, founded in 1608. Fell to the British in 1763. | 100 | |
| 298588601 | Pilgrims | group of English protestant dissenters who established Plymouth colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands | 101 | |
| 298588602 | Potosi | located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America | 102 | |
| 298588603 | Puritans | English protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay colony in 1629. | 103 | |
| 298588604 | Viceroy | governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign | 104 | |
| 298588605 | Colonial fur trade | fueled French settlement. Young Frenchmen (called coureurs de bois) sent to live among natives to master their languages and customs. Amerindians actively participated in the trade because they came to depend on the goods they received in exchange. It led to overhunting and increased competition among natives peoples for hunting grounds, thus promoting warfare. | 105 | |
| 298588606 | Columbian Exchange | the exchange of ideas, plants, foods, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages Network of trade between eastern hemisphere and western hemisphere started by columbus FROM EUROPE TO AMERICA: olives, wheat, grapes, sugar, horses, cows, pigs, and chickens | 106 | |
| 298588607 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies. | 107 |
