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| 8268737010 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability |  | 0 |
| 8268737011 | Condorcet and the ideas of progress | The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept abay by the triumph of reason |  | 1 |
| 8268737012 | Nicolaus Copericus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos |  | 2 |
| 8268737013 | European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society |  | 3 |
| 8268737014 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert Chinese elite, although with limited success |  | 4 |
| 8268737015 | Kaozheng | Literally, "research based on evidence," Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents |  | 5 |
| 8268737016 | Mirabai | One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition |  | 6 |
| 8268737017 | Issac Newton | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose foundation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution |  | 7 |
| 8268737018 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovated in its challenges to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone" |  | 8 |
| 8268737019 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca.1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women |  | 9 |
| 8268737020 | Taki Onqoy | Literally, "dancing sickness;" a religious revivial movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age |  | 10 |
| 8268737021 | Ursula de Jesus | Slave and later religious Laywoman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Claus (1606-1666), a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good works gaining a reputation as a women of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic |  | 11 |
| 8268737022 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French Philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of enlightenment questioning on traditional values and attitudes; noted for his dream and his criticism of traditional religion |  | 12 |
| 8268737023 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated as austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law |  | 13 |
| 8268737024 | Bhakti | Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine |  | 14 |
| 8268737025 | Council of Trent | The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses |  | 15 |
| 8268737026 | Charles Darwin | Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen as a threat to revealed religious truth |  | 16 |
| 8268737027 | Desim | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly to human affairs |  | 17 |
| 8268737028 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars on Religion |  | 18 |
| 8268737029 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today |  | 19 |
| 8268737030 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church |  | 20 |
| 8268737031 | Huacas | Local gods of the Andes |  | 21 |
| 8268737032 | Huguenots | The Protestant minority in France |  | 22 |
| 8268737033 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe |  | 23 |
| 8268737034 | Guru Nanak | Founder of Sikhism (1469-1539) |  | 24 |
| 8268737035 | Ninety-five Theses | List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity |  | 25 |
| 8268737036 | Matteo Ricci | The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610 |  | 26 |
| 8268737037 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method |  | 27 |
| 8268737038 | Society of Jesus | Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe |  | 28 |
| 8268737039 | Thirty Years' War | Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648) |  | 29 |
| 8268737040 | Wang Yangmin | Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism |  | 30 |
