Terms : Hide Images
| 5818619612 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history from the decline and fall of Rome until the 15th century | 0 | |
| 5818619613 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8-11 centuries | 1 | |
| 5818619614 | Manorialism | system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land | 2 | |
| 5818619615 | Serfs | peasant agriculture laborers within the manorial sytem of the Middle Ages | 3 | |
| 5818619616 | Moldboard | heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innivation of the medieval agricultural system | 4 | |
| 5818619617 | Three-field system | system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe; included 1/3 in spring grains, 1/3 fallow | 5 | |
| 5818619618 | Clovis | Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom | 6 | |
| 5818619619 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century | 7 | |
| 5818619620 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating. Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe | 8 | |
| 5818619621 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800 | 9 | |
| 5818619622 | Holy Roman Emperors | emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Europe | 10 | |
| 5818619623 | vassals | members of the elitewho received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty | 11 | |
| 5818619624 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy | 12 | |
| 5818619625 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represnted principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 13 | |
| 5818619626 | Parliaments | bodies representing priviledged groups; institutionalized feaudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, France | 14 | |
| 5818619627 | Three Estates | the three social groups considered most powerful in western countries: church, nobles, and urban leaders | 15 | |
| 5818619628 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France from 1337-1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states | 16 | |
| 5818619629 | Urban II | called first crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims | 17 | |
| 5818619630 | Gregory VII | Pope during the 11th century who attempted to church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture | 18 | |
| 5818619631 | investiture | practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman emperor Henry IV | 19 | |
| 5818619632 | Peter Abelard | author of Yes and No; univeristy scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logic contradictions within established doctrine | 20 | |
| 5818619633 | Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preferance to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challeged Abelard and had driven from the universities | 21 | |
| 5818619634 | Thomas Aquinas | creator one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 22 | |
| 5818619635 | scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 23 | |
| 5818619636 | Hanseatic League | an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 24 | |
| 5818619637 | Guilds | sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control ; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guarenteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities | 25 | |
| 5818619638 | Black Death | plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure | 26 |
