Religion and Science, 1450-1750
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| 4153204199 | Christianity in 1500 | (1) mostly limited to Europe (2) serious division between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox (3) on the defensive against Islam | 0 | |
| 4153207620 | Protestant Reformation | (1) began in 1517 (2) Martin Luther posted the Ninety-five Theses (3) criticized the Roman Catholic Church (4) salvation through faith alone; emphasis on reading the bible for oneself; religious individualism (5) questioned the special role of the clerical hierarchy | 1 | |
| 4153227131 | Protestant Reformation + Women | (1) women were attracted to Protestantism (2) women were not given a much greater role in the church or society (3) ended the veneration of Mary and other female saints (4) closed convents, which had been an alternative to marriage (5) increased education from emphasis on bible reading | 2 | |
| 4153231416 | Spread of Protestant Reformation | (1) through the recently invented printing press (2) splintered into an array of competing Protestant churches (3) French Wars of Religion; 1562-1598 (4) the Thirty Years' War; 1618-1648 | 3 | |
| 4153238202 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | (1) Council of Trent clarified Catholic doctrines and practices (2) corrected the abuses and corruption within the church (3) new emphasis on education and supervision of priests (4) new attention to individual spirituality and piety | 4 | |
| 4153250777 | Expansion of Christianity | (1) made possible by imperialism (2) mostly Catholic missionaries (3) most successful in Spanish America and the Philippines | 5 | |
| 4153255943 | Christianity + Spanish America | (1) Native Americans were receptive to the conquering religion (2) Europeans tried to destroy traditional religions instead of accommodating them (3) blending of two religious traditions was common (4) local gods (huacas) remained influential | 6 | |
| 4153264303 | Christianity + China | (1) reached China during the powerful and prosperous Ming and Qing dynasties (2) Jesuits targeted the official Chinese elite (3) no mass conversion (4) Jesuits were appreciated for their mathematical, astronomical, technological, and cartographical skills (5) missionaries did not offer much that the Chinese needed | 7 | |
| 4153273790 | Christianity + Slavery | (1) African religious elements accompanied slaves to the Americas (2) Africanized forms of Christianity developed in the Americas (3) Europeans often tried to suppress African elements as sorcery | 8 | |
| 4153278657 | Islam | (1) continued spread depended on wandering holy men, scholars, and traders; not conquest (2) syncretism of Islamization was increasingly offensive to orthodox Muslims; provoked religious renewal Wahhabism (1) developed in the Arabian Peninsula (2) founded by Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) (3) aimed to restore absolute monotheism (4) strict adherence to the sharia (5) allied with Muhammad Ibn Saud to create a state (6) collapse in 1818 | 9 | |
| 4153296231 | China | (1) still operated within a Confucian framework; creation of Neo-Confucianism (2) Wang Yangming: anyone can achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without Confucian education (3) Buddhist tried to make religion more accessible to commoners (4) kaozheng (research based on evidence) was a new direction for Chinese elite culture | 10 | |
| 4153309096 | Bhakti movement | (1) devotional Hinduism; effort to achieve union with the divine (2) set aside caste distinctions (3) common ground with Sufism; helped to blur the line between Islam and Hinduism in India | 11 | |
| 4153316194 | Sikhism | (1) blended Islam and Hinduism (2) set aside caste distinctions; proclaimed equality of men and women (3) developed as a new religion of the Punjab (4) evolved into a military community in response to hostility | 12 | |
| 4153322302 | The Scientific Revolution | (1) mid sixteenth to the early eighteenth century (2) formulation of general laws to explain the world (3) altered the ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos; challenged the teachings and the authority of the church; legitimized racial and gender inequality (4) the universe functioned according to mathematical principles; knowledge can be obtained through reason (5) human body became less mysterious | 13 | |
| 4153329298 | Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe? | (1) Europe had a legal system that guaranteed some independence for a variety of institutions (2) universities became zones of intellectual autonomy (3) In the Islamic world, science remained outside the system of education; Chinese authorities did not permit independent institutions of higher learning (4) Western Europe could draw on the knowledge of other cultures, especially of the Arab world | 14 | |
| 4153343657 | Views before the Scientific Revolution | (1) derived from Aristotle and Ptolemy (2) the earth is stationary and is at the center of the universe | 15 | |
| 4153347236 | Nicolaus Copernicus | (1) initial scientific breakthrough in 1543 (2) promoted the view that the earth and planets revolved around the sun (3) other scientists built on his insight | 16 | |
| 4153354023 | Johannes Kepler | demonstrated elliptical orbits of the planets | 17 | |
| 4153356299 | Galileo Galilei | developed improved telescope | 18 | |
| 4153360015 | Sir Isaac Newton | (1) formulated laws of motion and mechanics (2) concept of universal gravitation (3) natural laws | 19 | |
| 4153363251 | Christianity + the Scientific Revolution | (1) Catholic church opposed much of this thinking (2) no early scientists rejected Christianity | 20 | |
| 4153372630 | Adam Smith | formulated economic laws | 21 | |
| 4153374477 | Enlightenment | (1) scientific approach to knowledge was applied to human affairs (2) attacked established religion (3) deists: believed in a remote deity who created the world but does not intervene (4) pantheists: equated God and nature (5) thinkers imagined a future for European civilization without supernatural religion (6) central idea of progress (7) against too much reliance on human reason | 22 | |
| 4153387236 | Science in the 19th century | (1) science was applied to new sorts of inquiry; undermined Enlightenment assumptions (2) Charles Darwin: all life was in flux (3) Karl Marx: change and struggle (4) Sigmund Freud: doubt on human rationality | 23 | |
| 4153393786 | European Science beyond the West | China (1) had selective interests in Jesuit teachings (2) mostly interested in astronomy and mathematics Japan (1) contact only via trade with the Dutch (2) import of western books starting in 1720 (3) small group of Japanese scholars interested in Western texts (4) particularly anatomical studies Ottoman (1) chose not to translate major European scientific work (2) only interested in ideas of practical utility (maps, calendars, etc.) (3) educational system was too conservative for theoretical science to do well | 24 |
