Terms : Hide Images
| 9987862275 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 0 | |
| 9987862276 | Indulgence | The forgiveness of the punishment of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. | 1 | |
| 9987862277 | Protestant Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. | 2 | |
| 9987862278 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and Reformed clerical training and discipline. | 3 | |
| 9987862279 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. | 4 | |
| 9987862280 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in eighteenth century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 5 | |
| 9987862281 | Bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. | 6 | |
| 9987862282 | Joint-stock company | A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. | 7 | |
| 9987862283 | Gentry | The class of land-holding families in England below the aristrocracy. | 8 | |
| 9987862284 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. | 9 | |
| 9987862285 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly Germanic states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by princes. It lasted from, 962 to 1806. | 10 | |
| 9987862286 | English Civil War | (1642-1649) A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, cause by King Henry I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensures that England would be a constitutional monarchy. | 11 | |
| 9987862287 | Habsburg | A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later the Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth and seventeenth century Spain. | 12 | |
| 9987862288 | Versailles | The huge palace built for French king Louis XVI south of paris. The palace symbolized both French power and triumph of royal authority over the French nobility. | 13 | |
| 9987862289 | Balance of Power | The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. | 14 |
