chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
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| 7641467555 | Charlemagne | king of the franks who united Western Europe, made emperor by pope and valued education | 0 | |
| 7641467556 | Clovis | Frankish ruler who conquered the Roman Gaul (France) and ended the Western Roman Empire ; converted to Christianity | 1 | |
| 7641467557 | vikings | invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia | 2 | |
| 7641467558 | Magyars | Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary | 3 | |
| 7641467559 | Holy Roman Empire | lands in western and central Europe ruled over first by Frankish kings, then German kings | 4 | |
| 7641467560 | serfs | peasants who were tied to the land and who owed obligations to the lords on whose land they worked | 5 | |
| 7641467561 | vassals | people who held land under the protection of feudal lords to whom they vowed loyalty | 6 | |
| 7641467562 | manors | large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land | 7 | |
| 7641467563 | horse collar / water mills | harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to shoulders | 8 | |
| 7641467564 | heavy plow | plows made of material that plowed quickly but were heavy | 9 | |
| 7641467565 | Pope Gregory I | Pope who banned lay investiture and excommunicated Henry IV | 10 | |
| 7641467566 | William Duke of Normandy | King of England who gave fiefs to knights (land) & developed taxation and royal courts | 11 | |
| 7641467567 | Lief Erikson | viking explorer first to discover North America | 12 | |
| 7641467568 | Gothic Cathedrals | large churches originating in 12th century France | 13 | |
| 7641467569 | Bubonic Plague | a deadly contagious disease caused by bacteria and spread by fleas | 14 | |
| 7641467570 | Leo III | Byzantine emperor / pope who banned the use of icons in churches and crowned Charlemagne emperor | 15 | |
| 7641467571 | theme system | divided the Byzantine empire into different districts that were each led by a general, created so that the military could respond quickly to attacks | 16 | |
| 7641467572 | iconoclasm | a belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful. | 17 | |
| 7641467573 | Greek fire | flammable liquid used as a weapon by the Byzantine navy | 18 | |
| 7641467574 | schism | a formal split within a religious community. | 19 | |
| 7641467575 | Hagia Sophia | large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian and later converted into a mosque | 20 |
