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| 9411423659 | caudillos | Military strongmen who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America. | 0 | |
| 9411423660 | dependent development | Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions. | 1 | |
| 9411423661 | Indian cotton textiles | For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and inexpensive cotton textiles from India flooded western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe and in India. | 2 | |
| 9411423662 | Johnston, Ellen | Scottish textile worker and single mother (1835-1875) who became a published poet with a modest local reputation. | 3 | |
| 9411423663 | Labour Party | British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism. | 4 | |
| 9411423664 | Latin American export boom | Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes. | 5 | |
| 9411423665 | lower middle class | Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain's population | 6 | |
| 9411423666 | Luddites | Skilled artisans who banded together between 1811 and 1813 to protest against the machines that threatened the jobs and livelihood of workers in the woolen and cotton industry. Luddites also argued for price reductions, minimum wages, and prohibitions on the flooding of their industry by unapprenticed workers. | 7 | |
| 9411423667 | Marx, Karl | The most influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818-1883) was a German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future. | 8 | |
| 9411423668 | Mexican Revolution | Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order. | 9 | |
| 9411423669 | middle-class values | Belief system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability." | 10 | |
| 9411423670 | progressives | Followers of an American political movement (progressivism) in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of industrialization. | 11 | |
| 9411423671 | Russian Revolution of 1905 | Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms. | 12 | |
| 9411423672 | socialism in the United States | Fairly minor political movement in the United States; at its height in 1912, it gained 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate. | 13 | |
| 9411423673 | steam engine | Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible. | 14 | |
| 9411423674 | Abolitionist movement | A movement set forth roughly 1780 to 1890 in which slavery lost legitimacy and started to become abolished. This came about due to the Enlightenment thinking becoming critical of slavery as a violation of the natural rights of every person. This was extremely remarkable in Britain and the United States. |  | 15 |
| 9411423675 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | This document rose up in the French National Assembly giving humans natural rights. |  | 16 |
| 9411423676 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a feminist speaker at the first feminism conference in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. She referenced to the Declaration of Independence in paraphrasing it into this statement : "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal." |  | 17 |
| 9411423677 | French Revolution | The French Revolution (1789-1815) took its first step as the French soldiers came home from America full of republican enthusiasm. Differing from the American Revolution the French Revolution had conflict within the imperial french society. Attempting to start from scratch and build the French infrastructure back up. |  | 18 |
| 9411423678 | Haitian Revolution | Hearing about the French Revolution the slaves viewed it as a personal freedom. Led by Toussaint Louverture the former slaves overcame internal resistance, outmaneuvered the foreign powers, and even defeated Napoleon when trying to reestablish French control in Haiti, meaning mountainous or rugged. |  | 19 |
| 9411423679 | Kartini | Indonesian national heroine from Java. She was also a pioneer in the area of education for girls and women's rights for Indonesians |  | 20 |
| 9411423680 | Maternal feminism | As more women began to find both education opportunities and some freedom from household drudgery they began to take part in temperance movement, charities, abolitionism, and missionary work, as well as socialist and pacifist organizations. But the women were seen as child bearers in society so they, Tried to achieve equal rights and equal opportunities. |  | 21 |
| 9411423681 | Napoleon Bonaparte | acquiring power in 1799 set out to influence others primarily through conquest. He is also credited with taming the revolution in the face of growing disenchantment with its more radical features and with the social conflicts it generated. |  | 22 |
| 9411423682 | Nationalism | An idea circumferencing a nation in which it is exclusive and unique from others. Having a unique culture, territory, ethnicity etc. |  | 23 |
| 9411423683 | North American Revolution | launched with the Declaration of Independence stating that North America was going to depart from Britain's rule. This aggravation arising in the thirteen Colonies resulted from the taxations the British put on them: such as the stamp act, sugar act, and tea act. Winning the war North America established a republic, allowing the people to vote. |  | 24 |
| 9411423684 | Spanish American Revolution | Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, with this disarray of royal authorities the Latin Americans Took action, slowly revolutionizing. As the whites were outnumbered the Native Americans, people of African ancestry, and those of mixed race took control. But the settlers in the Spanish colonies had little tradition of local self-government such as what developed in North America. Thus Latin America started to become impoverished, undemocratic, and politically unstable. |  | 25 |
| 9411423685 | Vindication of the Rights of Women | An early publication from the English woman Mary Wollstonecraft. Wollstonecraft created an image in which the class roles of the three estates were represented by women |  | 26 |
| 9411423686 | decembrist | Radicalized military officers and Russian soldiers who staged an uprising in St. Petersburg, refusing to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I. The Decembrist revolt took place in December and lasted for less than a day, but it marked the first open breach between a section of the educated Russian nobility and the tsarist regime. | 27 | |
| 9411423687 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability |  | 28 |
| 9411423688 | Condorcet and the ideas of progress | The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept abay by the triumph of reason |  | 29 |
| 9411423689 | Copericus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos |  | 30 |
| 9411423690 | European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society |  | 31 |
| 9411423691 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert Chinese elite, although with limited success |  | 32 |
| 9411423692 | Kaozheng | Literally, "research based on evidence," Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents |  | 33 |
| 9411423693 | Mirabai | One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition |  | 34 |
| 9411423694 | Issac Newton | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose foundation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution |  | 35 |
| 9411423695 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovated in its challenges to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone" |  | 36 |
| 9411423696 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca.1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women |  | 37 |
| 9411423697 | Taki Onqoy | Literally, "dancing sickness;" a religious revivial movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age |  | 38 |
| 9411423698 | Ursula de Jesus | Slave and later religious Laywoman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Claus (1606-1666), a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good works gaining a reputation as a women of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic |  | 39 |
| 9411423699 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French Philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of enlightenment questioning on traditional values and attitudes; noted for his dream and his criticism of traditional religion |  | 40 |
| 9411423700 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated as austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law |  | 41 |
| 9411423701 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church |  | 42 |
