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| 8455308580 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry. | 0 | |
| 8455312842 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer disproved the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was at the center of the Universe. | 1 | |
| 8455335014 | Third Rome | Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires. | 2 | |
| 8455340069 | Partition of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state. | 3 | |
| 8455367556 | Peter I (the Great) | Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 4 | |
| 8455344769 | Pugachev rebellion | Unsuccessful peasant uprising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. | 5 | |
| 8455374089 | Time of Troubles | Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 6 | |
| 8455384225 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 7 | |
| 8455387974 | Alexis Romanov | Second ruler of the dynasty; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church. | 8 | |
| 8455409442 | Radishev | Boyar inspired by Enlightenment, created peasant rebellions. | 9 | |
| 8455432942 | Serfdom | A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century. | 10 | |
| 8455434202 | Rurik Dynasty | First dynasty of Russia, ended with the deaths of Ivan IV and his sons and led into the Time of Troubles. 1462-1612. | 11 | |
| 8455436471 | Obruk | Labor obligations of Russian peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state; part of the increased burdens placed on the peasantry during the 18th century. | 12 | |
| 8455444428 | St. Petersburg | The major city in Russia along with Moscow. | 13 | |
| 8455448583 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 14 | |
| 8455454630 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 15 | |
| 8455456761 | Boyars | Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts. | 16 | |
| 8455463892 | Ivan III | Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar. | 17 | |
| 8455482944 | Peter III | Silly and childish ruler in Russia who liked to play with toy soldiers. Catherine the great was married to him, but she decided she would be a better leader so she had her lover who was a guard tell him to leave. A few days later he was killed. | 18 | |
| 8455489624 | Kremlin | Citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government. | 19 | |
| 8455493043 | Instruction of 1767 | Document prepared by Empress Catherine II that recommended liberal, humanitarian political theories for use as the basis of government reform and the formulation of a new legal code. | 20 | |
| 8455499811 | Westernization | Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture. | 21 | |
| 8455504333 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917. | 22 | |
| 8455508329 | Alexis de Tocqueville | French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859). | 23 | |
| 8455513360 | Chancery of the Secret Police | Monitored the bureaucracy under Peter the Great. | 24 |
