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| 3675483032 | Niccolo Machiavelli | author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power. | 0 | |
| 3675483033 | Humanism | philosophy, or ideology, with a focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. | 1 | |
| 3675483034 | Northern Renaissance | cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance. | 2 | |
| 3675483035 | Francis I | king of France (r. 1494-1547); one of many monarchs of the Renaissance period who were influential through their patronage of the arts. | 3 | |
| 3675483036 | Johannes Gutenberg | introduced movable type to Western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials. | 4 | |
| 3675483037 | European-style family | emerged in the 15th century; involved a later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family. | 5 | |
| 3675483038 | Martin Luther | German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith for gaining salvation in place of Catholic sacraments; rejected papal authority. | 6 | |
| 3675483039 | Protestantism | general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic Church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517. | 7 | |
| 3675483040 | Anglican Church | form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII. | 8 | |
| 3675483041 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva; in the long run encouraged wider public education and access to government. | 9 | |
| 3675483042 | Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. | 10 | |
| 3675483043 | Jesuits | Catholic religious order founded during Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe. | 11 | |
| 3675483044 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. | 12 | |
| 3675483045 | Thirty Years War | war from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies and the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction. | 13 | |
| 3675483046 | Treaty of Westphalia | ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people; Netherlands gained independence. | 14 | |
| 3675483047 | English Civil War | conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy. | 15 | |
| 3675483048 | Proletariat | class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor; product of the economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries. | 16 | |
| 3675483049 | Witchcraft persecution | outburst reflecting uncertainties about religious truth and resentments against the poor, especially women. | 17 | |
| 3675483050 | Scientific Revolution | process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture. | 18 | |
| 3675483051 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the sun was at the center of the universe. | 19 | |
| 3675483052 | Johannes Kepler | resolved basic issues of planetary motion and accomplished important work in optics. | 20 | |
| 3675483053 | Galileo | publicized Copernicus's findings; added own discoveries concerning the laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic Church for his work. | 21 | |
| 3675483054 | William Harvey | English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the function of the heart as pump. | 22 | |
| 3675483055 | Francis Bacon | English philosopher, statesmen, author, and scientist; best known for work on the scientific method. | 23 | |
| 3675483056 | Rene Descartes | philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. | 24 | |
| 3675483057 | Isaac Newton | English scientist; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity. | 25 | |
| 3675483058 | Deism | concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion. | 26 | |
| 3675483059 | John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; they bad the right to overthrow tyrants. | 27 | |
| 3675483060 | Absolute monarchy | concept of government developed during the rise of the nation-state in Western Europe during the 17th century; monarchs held the absolute right to direct their state. | 28 | |
| 3675483061 | Louis XIV | French king who personified absolute monarchy. | 29 | |
| 3675483062 | Glorious Revolution | English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 that affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king. | 30 | |
| 3675483063 | Parliamentary monarchy | originated in England and Holland in the seventeenth century, with monarchs partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 31 | |
| 3675483064 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king who introduced Enlightenment reforms; included freedom of religion and increased state control of the economy. | 32 | |
| 3675483065 | Enlightenment | intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior. | 33 | |
| 3675483066 | Adam Smith | established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces. | 34 | |
| 3675483067 | Denis Diderot | French Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the Encyclopedie. | 35 | |
| 3675483068 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women. | 36 | |
| 3675483069 | Mass consumerism | the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods. | 37 | |
| 3675483070 | Proto-globalization | term used to describe the increase of global contacts from the sixteenth century onward, particularly in trade, while also distinguishing early modern developments from the more intense exchanges characteristic of outright globalization. | 38 |
