Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia
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| 1280878263 | Ivan III | Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar of Caesar - equivalent of emperor | 1 | |
| 1280878264 | Ivan IV | Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with Western European commerce and culture | 2 | |
| 1280878265 | Cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements | 3 | |
| 1280878266 | Time of Troubles | Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 | 4 | |
| 1280878267 | Michael Romanov | Reestablished internal order without great difficulty, drove out the foreign invaders and resumed the expansionist policy of his predecessors | 5 | |
| 1280878268 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models | 6 | |
| 1280878269 | Catherine II (the Great) | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy be granting them new power over peasantry | 7 | |
| 1280878270 | Pugachev rebellion | During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 8 |
