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| 403397790 | Catherine the Great | German born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry | 0 | |
| 403397791 | Third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453 | 1 | |
| 403397792 | Partition of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in Eastern Europe | 2 | |
| 403397793 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models | 3 | |
| 403397794 | Pugachev rebellion | During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. | 4 | |
| 403397795 | Time of Troubles | Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 | 5 | |
| 403397796 | Ivan IV | Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with Western European commerce and culture | 6 | |
| 403397797 | Romanov, Alexis | Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church | 7 | |
| 403397798 | Radishev | Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. He brought the tradition of radicalism in Russian. His depiction of socio-economic conditions in Russia earned him exile to Siberia until 1797. | 8 | |
| 403397799 | Serfdom | the status of peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century | 9 | |
| 403397800 | Rurik dynasty | dynasty founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, who established himself in Novgorod around the year 862 AD | 10 | |
| 403397801 | Obrok | Labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century | 11 | |
| 403397802 | St. Petersburg | New capital of Russia established during the reign of Peter the Great | 12 | |
| 403397803 | Cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements | 13 | |
| 403397804 | Old believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization | 14 | |
| 403397805 | boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe | 15 | |
| 403397806 | Peter III | was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. He was very pro-Prussian, which made him an unpopular leader | 16 | |
| 403397807 | Ivan III | Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar-equivalent of emperor | 17 | |
| 403397808 | Kremlin | sometimes referred to as simply the Kremlin, is a historic fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square and the Alexander Garden. | 18 | |
| 403397809 | Chancery of the Secret Police | A police force operating largely in secret and often using terror tactics to suppress dissent and political opposition. | 19 | |
| 403397810 | Romanov dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917. | 20 | |
| 403397811 | Westernization | is the assimilation of western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to customs and practices of western civilization. | 21 | |
| 403397812 | Instruction of 1767 | document prepared by Empress Catherine II that recommended liberal, humanitarian political theories for use as the basis of government reform and the formulation of a new legal code.- | 22 |
