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| 6258872616 | Sultan Abd al-Hamid II | Ottoman sultan, 1876-1909, who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign | 0 | |
| 6258872618 | Boxer Uprising | rising of Chinese militia organizations from 1898 to 1901 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed | 1 | |
| 6258872619 | Chinese Revolution of 1911 | the collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century | 2 | |
| 6258872622 | Hong Xiuquan | Chinese religious leader, 1814-1867, who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth | 3 | |
| 6258872623 | Informal Empire | term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence (Latin America & China) | 4 | |
| 6258872625 | Meiji Restoration | the overthrow of the tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor Meiji and establishing a new government commited to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society | 5 | |
| 6258872627 | Perry, Matthew | U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world | 6 | |
| 6258872628 | Opium Wars | two wars fought between Western powers and China(1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tred to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions | 7 | |
| 6258872629 | Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 | ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905 | 8 | |
| 6258872631 | Self-strengthening movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s, and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West | 9 | |
| 6258872632 | Selim III | Ottoman sultan, 1789-1807, who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures | 10 | |
| 6258872633 | "Sick man of Europe" | Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a name based on the sultan's inablility to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious efforts in Ottoman state during this period | 11 | |
| 6258872635 | Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan | 12 | |
| 6258872636 | Tanzimat reforms | important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization" | 13 | |
| 6258872639 | unequal treaties | series of 19th century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers | 14 | |
| 6258872640 | Young Ottomans | group of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire | 15 | |
| 6258872641 | Young Turks | movment of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed in 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire | 16 | |
| 6258899028 | Social Darwinism | A theory of society that views society, like nature, to be a survival of the fittest. | 17 |
