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| 5939710561 | nineteenth century europe was the greatest age of global expansion | became center of world economy, million of Europeans moved beyond Europe, explorer and missionaries were everywhere, much of the world became part of European colonizes | 0 | |
| 5939745073 | the Industrial Revolution fueled European colonies | demand on raw materials and agricultural product, needed market to sell European products, capitalist invested beyond Europe, foreign markets kept European workers | 1 | |
| 5939802789 | industrial development made over sea expansion possible | steamship, underwater telegraph, quinine, breech-loading rifles and machine guns | 2 | |
| 5939833776 | the industrial age promotes secular arrogance among Europeans | sense of religion superiority, European increased despite other cultural religions, African society lost status, new kind of racism | 3 | |
| 5939869544 | sense of responsibility to weaker cultures | duty to civilize them , bring them education, health care, Christianity, good government | 4 | |
| 5939886017 | Social Darwinism | effort to apply Darwin's evolution theory to human history : regards that an unfit race should be destroyed or displaced | 5 | |
| 5939902065 | China's Century of Crisis | in 1793, Chinese emperor Qianlong rebuffed Britain request that China rescind or loosen restriction on trade (Chinese control limited European activities) in 1912, Chinese emperor had collapsed becoming weak in a European dominated world | 6 | |
| 5939973161 | Crisis Within - China was a victim to their own success | had a population growth from 100 million in 1685 to 430 million in 1853, didn't have an accompanying Industrial Revolution, growing pressure on the land, starvation, and impoverishment | 7 | |
| 5940138530 | Chinese bureaucracy did not keep up with growing population | by 1800, county magistrates had to deal with four times as many people as in 1400, central state gradually lost control of provincial officials and gentry | 8 | |
| 5940177837 | bandit gangs and peasant rebellions became common | charismatic figures preached a millenarian message | 9 | |
| 5940190232 | culmination of China's internal crisis: the Taiping Uprising | affected much of China 1850-1864, the leader Hong Xiuquan proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus and was sent to establish a kingdom of great peace, called for radical equality and planned to industrialize China, rebellion crushed by 1864 by provincial landowners mobilized their own armies | 10 | |
| 5940255555 | Opium Wars showed the transformation of China's relationship with Europe | opium had been used on small scale in China, British began to sell large quantities of Indian opium in China, Chinese authorities recognized the dangers of opium addictions, tried to stop the trade, European merchants bribed officials to smuggle opium in, China suffered a specie drain from large quantities of silver spent on opium | 11 | |
| 5940305267 | the British responded with the first Opium War (1839-1842) | forced Chinese to accept free trade and "proper" relations among countries, China agreed to pay a $21 million indemnity in the Treaty of Nanjing | 12 | |
| 5940334568 | second Opium War | Europeans vandalized the imperial Summer Palace, more treaty ports were opened to foreigners, China was opened to foreign missionaries, Western powers given the right to patrol some of China's interior waterways | 13 | |
| 5940357598 | China was also defeated by the French (1885) and Japanese (1895) | Qing dynasty was deeply weakened at a time when China needed a strong government to deal with modernization, unequal treaties inhibited China's industrialization | 14 | |
| 5940403936 | the Chinese government tried to act against problems | policy of "self-strengthening" in 1860s and 1870s, applications of traditional Confucian principles, efforts to improve examination system, restoration of rural social and economic order, established modern arsenals and shipyards, foundation of few industrial factories | 15 | |
| 5940443631 | Boxer Rebellion (1900) militia organizations killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians | Western powers and Japan occupied Beijing to crush the revolt, imposed massive reparation payments on China | 16 | |
| 5940452728 | growing number of educated Chinese became disillusioned with the Qing dynasty | organizations to examine the situation and propose reforms, growing drive for a truly unified nations in which more people took part in public life, Chinese nationalism was against both foreign imperialist and the foreign Qing dynasty. imperial order collapsed in 1911 | 17 | |
| 5940470948 | China and the Ottoman Empires similarities | had felt that they did not need to learn from the West, avoided direct colonial rule, but were diminished, attempted "defensive modernization", suffered a split in society between modernists and those holding traditional values | 18 | |
| 5940519971 | 1750: the Ottoman Empire was still strong, at the center of the Islamic World and by 1900 was known as the sick man of Europe | region by region Islamic world fell under Christian rule and Ottoman couldn't prevent it. Ottomans lost territory to Russia, Britain, Austria, and France, Napoleon's invasion of Egypt was hurting | 19 | |
| 5940541473 | central Ottoman state had weakended | provincial authorities and local warlords gained more power, limited government's ability to raise money, Janissaries had become militarily ineffective | 20 | |
| 5940583173 | the economy was hit hard by Western developments | European achieved direct access to Asia, cheap European manufactured goods harmed Ottoman artisans, foreign merchants won immunity from Ottoman laws and taxes, government came to rely on foreign loans to finance economic development efforts | 21 | |
| 5940625101 | Ottoman attempted ambitious reforms, going considerably further than Chinese | didn't have an internal crisis on the scale of China, did not have to deal with explosive population growth, rulers were Turkic and Muslims | 22 | |
| 5940653644 | Selim the Third tried to establish new military and administrative structures | sent ambassadors to study European methods, imported European advisers, established technical schools | 23 | |
| 5940674415 | Selim the Third stirred up so much hostility among the ulama and Janissaries that he was deposed in 1807 | movements of Islamic renewals outside of the Ottoman Empire presented another model for dealing with Europe | 24 | |
| 5943737617 | supporters of reform saw the Ottoman | created new class of writers, urged creation of constitutional regime, Islamic modernism: accepted Western technology and science but not its materialism | 25 | |
| 5953853193 | Sultan Abd al Hamid II (r. 1876-1909) accepted a new constitution in 1876 that limited sultan authority | almost immediately suspended it, turned to decisive autocracy in the face of a Russian invasion - continued educational, economic, and technical reforms | 26 | |
| 5953902823 | the Ottoman empire was surrounded by the "Young Turks" and in 1900 a military coup gave them real power | the Ottoman Empire completely disintegrated after World War 1 | 27 | |
| 5953914588 | by 1900 China and the Ottoman empire had comparison | "semi colonies", rise to new nationalist conception of society, China's imperial system collapsed in 1911 and Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War 1 | 28 | |
| 5953947365 | Japan was forced to open up to more "normal" relations with the world by US commodore Matthew Perry in 1853 | 1853-1900: radical transformation of Japanese society, it became powerful modernized and industrialized, Japan created its own East Asian empire | 29 | |
| 5953971156 | Tokugawa shoguns had ruled since the 1600s and the main task was to prevent civil war among rival feudal lords | Japan enjoyed internal peace from 1600 to 1850, daimyou strictly regulated but considerable autonomy, Japan wasn't unified by a single law, hierarchical society : samurai at the top, then peasant, artisan, and merchants at the bottom | 30 | |
| 5954005443 | changes in Japan's Tokugawa period - making it impossible for shogunate to freeze society | samurai evolved into a bureaucratic/administrative class, great economic growth and urban development, by 1750 Japan was the most urbanized country | 31 | |
| 5954028409 | corruption was widespread | uprising of the poor, both rural and urban | 32 | |
| 5954040083 | American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration | US sent Perry in 1853 to demand better treatment for castaways, right to refuel and buy provisions, and open trade ports - shogun gave into Perry's demands | 33 | |
| 5954056939 | the shogun's spinelessness triggered civil war - in 1868 a group of young samurai from the south took over | they claimed to be restoring the 15- year-old emperor Meiji to power, aimed to save Japan from foreigners by transformation of society rather than resistance | 34 | |
| 5954101773 | in modernizing Japanese style, first task was to create national unity | attacked power and privileges of the daimyo and the samurai, dismantled the Confucian social order, almost all Japanese became legally equal | 35 | |
| 5954120375 | widespread interest in many aspects of the West, from science to hairstyles | official missions were sent to the West, hundreds of students studied abroad, translation of Western books into Japanese | 36 | |
| 5954138380 | eventually settled down to more selective borrowing from the West | feminism and Christianity made little progress, Shinto was raised to the level of a state cult | 37 | |
| 5954149490 | state-guided industrialization program | established model factories, opened mines, built railroads, created postal, telegraph, and banking system, many state enterprises were then sold to private investors, accomplished modernization with acquiring foreign debt | 38 | |
| 5954166363 | society paid a heavy price | many peasant families were impoverished, countryside suffered infanticide, sale of daughters, and famine, early urban workers received hard treatment, efforts to organize union were repressed | 39 | |
| 5954192136 | by early 20th century Western powers readjusted treaties in Japan's favor - Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 recognized Japan as an equal | Japanese empire building : wars against China (1894-1895) and Russia (1904-1905), gained colonial control of Taiwan and Korea and won foothold in Manchuria | 40 | |
| 5954221862 | Japan's rise was widely admired | Japan's colonial policies were at least as brutal as European ones | 41 |
