Terms : Hide Images
| 5884671797 | Ferdinand of Aragon | Along with Isabelle of Castile, monarch of the largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia, marriage to Isabella created a united Spain, responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of the exploration of the New World, ruled from 1479 to 1516 | 0 | |
| 5884671798 | Isabella of Castile | Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of the largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia, marriage to Ferdinand created a united Spain, responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of the exploration of the New World, lived from 1451 to 1504 | 1 | |
| 5884671799 | Caribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement, served as an experimental region for the nature of Spanish colonial experience, encomienda system of colonial management initiated here | 2 | |
| 5884671800 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by the Spaniards, settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to the New World, Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in the New World | 3 | |
| 5884671801 | encomienda | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America, basis for the earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies | 4 | |
| 5884671802 | encomendero | The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor, responsible for their integration into the church | 5 | |
| 5884671803 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies, opposed forced labor and advanced Indian rights, lived 1484-1565 | 6 | |
| 5884671804 | Hernan Cortes | Led an expedition of 600 to the coast of Mexico in 1519, conquistador responsible for the defeat of the Aztec empire, captured Tenochtitlan | 7 | |
| 5884671805 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec emperor, killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan, lived 1480-1520 | 8 | |
| 5884671806 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan | 9 | |
| 5884671807 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica, included most of central Mexico, based on the imperial system of the Aztecs | 10 | |
| 5884671808 | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | Leader of a Spanish expedition into the northern frontier region of New Spain, entered what is now the United States in search of mythical cities of gold, lived 1510-1554 | 11 | |
| 5884671809 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador, conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established the city of Santiago in 1541 | 12 | |
| 5884671810 | mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion, all communities were expected to contribute, an essential aspect of Inca imperial control | 13 | |
| 5884671811 | Potosi | Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia), largest of New World silver mines, produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver | 14 | |
| 5884671812 | Huancavelica | Location of the greatest deposit of mercury in South America, aided in America silver production linked with Potosi | 15 | |
| 5884671813 | haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in the New World, produced agricultural products for consumers in America, basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy | 16 | |
| 5884671814 | consulado | Merchant guild of Seville, enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return | 17 | |
| 5884671815 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal, clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in the New World, reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal, granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain | 18 | |
| 5884671816 | letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World, juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy, exercised both legislative and administrative functions | 19 | |
| 5884671817 | Recopilacion | Body of law collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in the New World, basis of law in the Indies | 20 | |
| 5884671818 | Council of the Indies | Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised the king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World | 21 | |
| 5884671819 | viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in the New World, one based in Lima and the other in Mexico City, direct representation of the king | 22 | |
| 5884671820 | viceroys | Senior government officials in Spanish America, ruled as direct representatives of the king over the principal administrative units, usually high ranking Spanish nobles with previous military or governmental experience, also used by the Portuguese in Goa for possessions in the Indian Ocean as well as their colony in Brazil | 23 | |
| 5884671821 | audiencia | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of the New World with 10 in each viceroyalties, part of the colonial administrative system, staffed by professional magistrates | 24 | |
| 5884671822 | Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz | Author, poet, and musician of New Spain, eventually gave up on secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters, lived from 1651-1695 | 25 | |
| 5884671823 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India, blown of course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 26 | |
| 5884671824 | capitaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development, enjoyed limited success in developing the colony | 27 | |
| 5884671825 | Paulistas | Backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil, penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century | 28 | |
| 5884671826 | Minas Gerais | Region of Brazil located in its mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695, became the location for the gold rush | 29 | |
| 5884671827 | Rio de Janiero | Brazilian port, close to mines of Minas Gerias, importance grew with gold strikes, became colonial capital in 1763 | 30 | |
| 5884671828 | sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins, Europeans or whites at the top, black slaves or Native Americans at the bottom, and mixed races in the middle | 31 | |
| 5884671829 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World, dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares | 32 | |
| 5884671830 | amigos del pais | Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies, flourished during the 18th century, called for material improvements rather than political reform | 33 | |
| 5884671831 | galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion. | 34 | |
| 5884671832 | War of the Spanish Succession | Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French | 35 | |
| 5884671833 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. | 36 | |
| 5884671834 | José de Gálvez | Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendents for local government | 37 | |
| 5884671835 | Marquis of Pombal | prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 38 | |
| 5884671836 | Comunero Revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels. | 39 | |
| 5884671837 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution. | 40 |
