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| 9193988252 | Ferdinand of Aragon | (r.1479-1516) Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada; initiation or exploration of New World. | 0 | |
| 9193988253 | Isabella of Castile | (1451-1504) along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Grenada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 1 | |
| 9193988254 | Caribbean | first area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here. | 2 | |
| 9193988255 | Hispaniola | first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 3 | |
| 9193988256 | encomienda | grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. | 4 | |
| 9193988257 | encomendero | the holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church. | 5 | |
| 9193988258 | Bartolemé de Las Casas | (1486-1566) Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies: opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. | 6 | |
| 9193988259 | Hernán Cortés | led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan. | 7 | |
| 9193988260 | Moctezuma II | (1480-1520) last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernán Cortés's conquest of Tenochtitlan. | 8 | |
| 9193988261 | Mexico City | capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. | 9 | |
| 9193988262 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs. | 10 | |
| 9193988263 | mita | labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. | 11 | |
| 9193988264 | Potosi | mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines: produced 80% of all Peruvian silver. | 12 | |
| 9193988265 | Huancavelica | location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi. | 13 | |
| 9193988266 | haciendas | rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. | 14 | |
| 9193988267 | consulado | merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return. | 15 | |
| 9193988268 | galleons | large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transporting of bullion. | 16 | |
| 9193988269 | Treaty of Tordesillas | signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal, clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain. | 17 | |
| 9193988270 | letrados | university-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; judicial core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions. | 18 | |
| 9193988271 | Recopilacion | body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies. | 19 | |
| 9193988272 | Council of the Indies | body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World. | 20 | |
| 9193988273 | viceroyalties | two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other one in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king. | 21 | |
| 9193988274 | viceroys | Senior government officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct representative of the king over the principle administrative unit or viceroyalities; usually high ranking Spainsh nobles with previous military or government experience. The Portuguese also used viceroys who resided in Goa for their possessions in the Indian Ocean, and then after the mid seventeenth century for their colony in brazil | 22 | |
| 9193988275 | audiencia | royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 16 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates. | 23 | |
| 9193988276 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil. | 24 | |
| 9193988277 | captaincies | strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony. | 25 | |
| 9193988278 | Paulistas | backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. | 26 | |
| 9193988279 | Minas Gerais | region of Brazil located in mountainous interior were gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush. | 27 | |
| 9193988280 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763. | 28 | |
| 9193988281 | sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle. | 29 | |
| 9193988282 | peninsulares | people living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain. | 30 | |
| 9193988283 | creoles | whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares. | 31 | |
| 9193988284 | amigos del pais | clubs and asociations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform. | 32 | |
| 9193988285 | War of Spanish Succession | resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands; grants of commercial rights to English and French. | 33 | |
| 9193988286 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. | 34 | |
| 9193988287 | Jose de Galves | (1720-1787) Spanish minister of the Indes and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government. | 35 | |
| 9193988288 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 36 | |
| 9193988289 | Comunero Revolt | one of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels. | 37 | |
| 9193988290 | Tupac Amaru II | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 38 | |
| 9194847293 | Pedro De Vadivia | Spanish conquistado; conquered Araucancian Indians of Chile and established city of Santtiago in 1541 | 39 | |
| 9194872174 | Francuisco Vazquez de Coronado | (1510-1554) leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold | 40 |
