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| 6157205384 | Ferdinand of Aragon | Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World | 0 | |
| 6157205385 | Isabella of Castile | Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World | 1 | |
| 6157205386 | encomiendas | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies | 2 | |
| 6157205387 | Caribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here | 3 | |
| 6157205388 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World | 4 | |
| 6157205389 | encomendero | The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church | 5 | |
| 6157205390 | Bartolomé de Las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights | 6 | |
| 6157205391 | Hernán Cortés | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan | 7 | |
| 6157205392 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernán Cortés' conquest of Tenochtitlan | 8 | |
| 6157205393 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan | 9 | |
| 6157205394 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs | 10 | |
| 6157205395 | Francisco Vázquez de Coronado | leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold | 11 | |
| 6157205396 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541 | 12 | |
| 6157205397 | Columbian exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred | 13 | |
| 6157205398 | Potosi | Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver | 14 | |
| 6157205399 | Huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí | 15 | |
| 6157205400 | haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy | 16 | |
| 6157205401 | consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return | 17 | |
| 6157205402 | galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion | 18 | |
| 6157205403 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain | 19 | |
| 6157205404 | letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions | 20 | |
| 6157205405 | Recopilación | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies | 21 | |
| 6157205406 | Council of the Indies | Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World | 22 | |
| 6157205407 | viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king | 23 | |
| 6157205408 | audiencias | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates | 24 | |
| 6157205409 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | (1651-1695) Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters | 25 | |
| 6157205410 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 26 | |
| 6157205411 | capitaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony | 27 | |
| 6157205412 | Paulistas | Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century | 28 | |
| 6157205413 | Minas Gerais | Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush | 29 | |
| 6157205414 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763 | 30 | |
| 6157205415 | sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle | 31 | |
| 6157205416 | peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain | 32 | |
| 6157205417 | Creoles | Whites born in New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares | 33 | |
| 6157205418 | amigos del país | Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform | 34 | |
| 6157205419 | War of the Spanish Succession | Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French | 35 | |
| 6157205420 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire | 36 | |
| 6157205421 | José de Gálvez | Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government | 37 | |
| 6157205422 | Marquis of Pombal | prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy | 38 | |
| 6157205423 | Comunero Revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels | 39 | |
| 6157205424 | Tupac Amaru II | (1738-1781) Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution | 40 |
