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| 6405399458 | Sumerian City-States | Cities with experienced internal and external pressures that prompted them to establish states. |  | 0 |
| 6405399459 | Sumer | A land in the Southern half of Mesopotamia. |  | 1 |
| 6405399460 | Semitic Migrants | Nomadic herders who went to Mesopotamia from the Arabian and Syrian deserts to the South and West. |  | 2 |
| 6405399461 | Sumerian Kings | The individual rulers that establish themselves as Monarchs. |  | 3 |
| 6405399462 | Sargon Of Akkad | The creator of empire in Mesopotamia. |  | 4 |
| 6405399463 | Hammurabi's Laws | a Babylonian legal code of the 18th century B.C. or earlier, instituted by Hammurabi and dealing with criminal and civil matters. |  | 5 |
| 6405399464 | The Assyrian Empire | In this empire, people honored their powerful kings with beautiful palaces and huge sculptures. They built some of the earliest aqueducts. |  | 6 |
| 6405399465 | Social Classes | groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education |  | 7 |
| 6405399466 | Temple Communities | Priest and priestesses lived in these |  | 8 |
| 6405399467 | The Wheel | a Mesopotamian invention that was created at around 3500 BCE and was used to make wheeled carts |  | 9 |
| 6405399468 | Ship Building | Sumerians also experimented with technologies of maritime transportation, by 3500 B.C. they built a water craft that let them venture into the Gulf and beyond. |  | 10 |
| 6405399469 | Trade Networks | A trade network is a network of roads, railroads, harbors and airports that connect all of your cities together to share luxuries |  | 11 |
| 6405399470 | Iron Metallurgy | Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper |  | 12 |
| 6405399471 | Women's Roles | Women made their influence felt in the Mesopotamia society. |  | 13 |
| 6405399472 | Cuneiform Writing | First writing, created around 3000 B.C., created by the Sumerians, written with reed stylus, |  | 14 |
| 6405399473 | Slaves | property- slave owners could do anything with their slaves (buy, sell, abuse) |  | 15 |
| 6405399474 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature |  | 16 |
| 6405399475 | Astronomy and Mathematics | Mayan advances in these subjects were motivated by the need to have an accurate calendar to know which god was in charge of the day. |  | 17 |
| 6405399476 | Moses and Monotheism | After the time of Moses, the religious beliefs of the Israelites developed along increasingly distinctive lines. |  | 18 |
| 6405399477 | Assyrian and Babylonian Conquests | two ancient empires that arose in Iraq. |  | 19 |
| 6405399478 | Migration and Settlement in Palestine | Some Hebrews migrated from Palestine to Egypt during the eighteenth century B.C.E.. however this branch of Hebrews departed under the leadership of Moses and went to Palestine. |  | 20 |
| 6405399479 | Alphabetic Writing | a way of writing in which one symbol represents one sound segment |  | 21 |
| 6405399480 | The Early Jewish Community | The exiles who returned to Judea after the Babylonian conquest did not abandon hope for a state of there own, and indeed they organized several small Jewish states. |  | 22 |
| 6405399481 | The Early Phoenicians | An ancient semetic thalassocratic civilization situated on the western, costal part of the Fertile Crescent and centered on the modern day Lebanon. |  | 23 |
| 6405399482 | Indo-European Languages | a family of several hundred related languages and dialects |  | 24 |
| 6405399483 | The Indo-European Homelnd | The original homeland of Indo- European speakers was probably the steppe region of modern day Ukraine and Southern Russia. |  | 25 |
| 6405399484 | Horses | Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains |  | 26 |
| 6405399485 | The Hitties | they were mesopotamian people who were the first to work iron. they lasted from about 1680 bc to 1180 bc. |  | 27 |
| 6405399486 | Indo-European Migrations to the East | Some Indo- Europeans went east in central Asia. |  | 28 |
| 6405399487 | Indo-European Migrations to the West | One wave of migration took Indo- European speakers into Greece. |  | 29 |
| 6405399488 | Indo-European Migrations to the South | Later a wave of migration established an Indo- European presence in Iran and India. | | 30 |
| 6405399489 | Climatic change | permanent change in weather conditions |  | 31 |
| 6405399490 | Early Sudanic Agricultural | After about 9000 B.C.E., peoples of Eastern Sudan domesticated cattle and became Nomadic herders, while they continued to collect wild grains. |  | 32 |
| 6405399491 | The Nile river valley | Where most Egyptians live. |  | 33 |
| 6405399492 | Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley | Geography ensured that both Egypt and Nubia would come under influence of both sub- Saharan Africa and Eastern Mediterranean basin, since the Nile river links the 2 regions. |  | 34 |
| 6405399493 | Menes | united the kingdoms of lower and upper Egypt and created first Egyptian dynasty |  | 35 |
| 6405399494 | The Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom | The Archaic period (3100-2660 B.C.E.). The old Kingdom (2660-2160 B.C.E.). |  | 36 |
| 6405399495 | Relations between Nubia and Egypt | The fortunes of Egypt and Nubia remained closely intertwined. |  | 37 |
| 6405399496 | The middle Kingdom | From about 2050-1700 B.C.E., centralized government was restored in Egypt under the 11th and 12th dynasties. However, the period of stability ended when foreigners, known as the Hyksos, invaded the Nile Delta and conquered the Egyptian army. |  | 38 |
| 6405399497 | The New Kingdom | From about 1550-1100 B.C.E., under the 18th to 20th dynasties, the Egyptian pharaohs reasserted their power. Expanded into the Levant and Anatolia, and up the Nile River into Africa and across the Sinai peninsula. Dominated the eastern shoreline of the Mediterranean, and came into conflict there with the Hittites, who claimed the same territory. | | 39 |
| 6405399498 | Egyptian Imperialism | Pharaohs of the New Kingdom |  | 40 |
| 6405399499 | Transportation | The process by which passengers or goods are moved or delivered from one place to another. |  | 41 |
| 6405399500 | Education | A type of social institution. Provides a formal structure during childhood/transition into adulthood and an opportunity to instruct youth on the social norms, knowledge, skills, expectations needed. |  | 42 |
| 6405399501 | Meroitic writing | was a Nubian script that borrowed Egyptian Hieroglyphs |  | 43 |
| 6405399502 | Amon and Re | Principal Gods in Egypt |  | 44 |
| 6405399503 | Mumification | hepled preserve bodies because after life was the most important life |  | 45 |
| 6405399504 | Cult of Osiris | mythical god of underworld, associated with immortality and honored, believed that those with a pure heart gained eternal life, honored through a religious cult that observed high moral standards |  | 46 |
| 6405399505 | Religious Beliefs | specific ideas that members of a particular faith hold to be true |  | 47 |
| 6405399506 | Yellow River | Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley. |  | 48 |
| 6405399507 | The Xia Dynasty | First (legendary) dynasty of China. From 21st century BCE to 16th century BCE |  | 49 |
| 6405399508 | Yangshao Society and Banpo Village | 5000-3000 B.C.E Yangshao Society, had it own distinguish culture, political, and social traditions, was founded in the Middle of the Huang He River. Around 1952, near the Xi'an period (Neolithic period), it was founded, and was called Banpo Village. |  | 50 |
| 6405399509 | Bronze Metallurgy and Horse-Drawn Chariots | Horse drawn chariots and Bronze metallurgy reached china by 1200 B.C.E. even though the Xia probably had bronze tools before this. The horse drawn chariots were mainly only used by Shang warriors and kings. |  | 51 |
| 6405399510 | Political System | Shang's political system, relied on large corporations like the Xia. They as well had a broad network that allow kings to have authority, to the local rulers that controlled the local towns. Although they did associate with under clansmen such as metal-smiths,craftsman;etc. Which helped shaped the ruler's realm. |  | 52 |
| 6405399511 | The Shang Capital at Ao | One of Shang Dynasty earliest capital found by archeologists, was near what is modern times Zhengzhou, China. It city wall originally stand at 10 meters, with a base of 20 meters, which contain layers of earth soil, with wood on top and malleted in till it was rock hard. |  | 53 |
| 6405399512 | The Shang Capital at Yin | During the last two or three centuries of the Shang era, this city lasted as the capital. As well known for being the "Royal Palaces" during the time,which is near modern Anyang,China. |  | 54 |
| 6405399513 | Beyond the Yellow River Valley | Similar to the Xia and Shang dynasties past the yellow river were large rich cities like Sanxingdui (modern south western china). |  | 55 |
| 6405399514 | The Mandate of Heaven | The divine right to rule, and to restore china to a new dynasty. |  | 56 |
| 6405399515 | The rise of Zhou | During the late twelfth century BCE, Shang and Zhou ambitions ambitions had collaborated, which had triggered the rise of Zhou. As a result, many of Zhang's control has shifted to Zhou. After many unsuccessful bcs, Zhou forced his government upon the Zhang area during 1122 b.c.e ,which soon became 'Zhou' |  | 57 |
| 6405399516 | Shang Political Organization | Xia's organization, Shang rulers used large corps in political allies. Primarily replied on a network of walled towns and the usage of local rulers that recognized the Zhang kings authority. Which Shang's rulers talked with agricultural people in order to improve their influence and their realms. |  | 58 |
| 6405399517 | Weakening of the Zhou | Sub rulers began to become independent and stop obeying the Zhou dynasty. When invaders came, the dynasty didn't have enough support and the capital was taken over. The production of iron was increasing and the empire was unable to control the metal industry. |  | 59 |
| 6405399518 | Ruling Elites | The upper class rose by heredity from those allied with military warriors. |  | 60 |
| 6405399519 | Veneration Of Ancestors | Family ancestors could bring good or evil fortune to the living members of the family. |  | 61 |
| 6405399520 | Patriarchal Society | A social structure where a man is the head of the family and the community |  | 62 |
| 6405399521 | Oracle Bones | animal bone or shell carved with written characters that was used to predict the future in ancient China |  | 63 |
| 6405399522 | Zhou Literature | Book of Changes, Book of Rites, Book of History, and Book of Songs. |  | 64 |
| 6405399523 | The Book of Songs | Anthology of Chinese poetry from the Zhou period |  | 65 |
| 6405399524 | Destruction of Early Chinese Literature | In 221 B.C.E. the current emperor then destroyed all books that did not have some immediate utilitarian value. |  | 66 |
| 6405399525 | Steppe Nomads | The most notable of the Steppe Nomads are the mongols who are first mentioned in the 13th century. They dominated throughout Eurasia building vast empires, and built up fast trade networks. |  | 67 |
| 6405399526 | The State of Chu | A powerful state that emerged during the late Zhou in the central region of the Yangzi River; governed its affairs autonomously and challenged the Zhou for supremacy. |  | 68 |
| 6405399527 | Early Agriculture in Mesopotamia | Having the 'TE' (Tigris and Euphrates), the primarily focus on hunting and gathering, soon later on learned how to grow things. For which from there made their community bigger, eventually lead them to trade with neighboring cities. | | 69 |
| 6405399528 | Ceremonial Centers | A large plaza in a city center, surrounded by temples and palaces, where religious rituals and other public ceremonies took place. |  | 70 |
| 6405399529 | Olmecs: The "Rubber People" | These people were named the 'Rubber People', because they were surrounded by rubber trees that inhabited the land. Which Olmec cultural traditions influenced all societies of this era. |  | 71 |
| 6405399530 | Olmec Society | A preclassic Mesoamerican people who developed a major civilization in southern Mexico about 1000 BC; these people are noteworthy for having carved giant stone heads from basaltic rock, and like the Easter Islanders, transported the heads over considerable distances to be erected at ceremonial centers. |  | 72 |
| 6405399531 | The Maya | Lived in the Yucatan Peninsula; major focus was religion; made an accurate calendar with 365 days; built large stone temples in the shape of pyramids; created their own system of hieroglyphics; civilization declined around 900 AD but no one knows why (although some still exist today). |  | 73 |
| 6405399532 | Trade Jade and Obsidian | Olmec produced/traded jade and obsidian with other civilizations in order to get in return weapons. |  | 74 |
| 6405399533 | Tikal | A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest |  | 75 |
| 6405399534 | Maya Warfare | The purpose of Maya Warfare was to capture enemies for slavery or human sacrifice. |  | 76 |
| 6405399535 | Maya decline | The Maya declined for various theories, One was the theory, is that there was increased warfare. Second theory was that cities grew,because of that, there was not enough food/land to support the population, which was leading to more warfare over crops. The third theory is that the kings demanded their people to build more temples and the people rebelled. The last theory is that there was an intense drought making it difficult to grow crops. Historians believe that a mixture of these theories led to their decline. |  | 77 |
| 6405399536 | Chichen Itza | A large pre-columbian city in Mesoamerica built by the Mayan Civilization |  | 78 |
| 6405399537 | The Maya Calender | Maya priests has created the most 'accurate' calendar that identify the cycles of time and had 365 days made using the agricultural cycle. |  | 79 |
| 6405399538 | The Maya Writing | Maya had created Hieroglyphs |  | 80 |
| 6405399539 | The Maya Religious | "Popol Vuh' was a myth that Maya created and taught that gods had created humans out of maize and water, Which were supposedly, made our human flesh and blood. Maya religious primarily focuses on agricultural in their society. | 81 | |
| 6405399540 | Bloodletting Rituals | Mayan ritual of shedding human blood for sacrifice to prompt the gods to send rain water for crops |  | 82 |
| 6405399541 | The Maya Ball game | This was inherited from the Olmecs. The game sometimes pitted two men against each other, but it often involved teams o two to four members apiece. The object of the game was for players to score points by propelling a rubber ball through a ring or onto a marker without using their hands. The ball was made of rubber and was heavy and hard, making it easy for a player to get a concussion. |  | 83 |
| 6405399542 | The City of Teotihuacan | The largest agricultural village in 500 b.c.e , which expanded to 200 b.c.e . The city's most precious monuments, were the pyramids that represent the sun and the moon. This city was the home to about two hundreds thousands of civilians, which created a thriving city. |  | 84 |
| 6405399543 | The Society of Teotihuacan | Teotihuacan's had a vast majority of artisans and merchants. Residents would often join in extensive trade and exchange networks in order to receive goods. Around 500 b.c.e , the city did not really have a ground base for military use, but they do protect their resources. Using the authority has a backup for military purposes. | 85 | |
| 6405399544 | Cultural Traditions | Each culture has certain times that reflect historical events. Ex: US celebrates July 4th Independence Day. Culture's beliefs, values, and norms are reflected in the language of its members. Ex: Western cultures word for youthfulness is fresh or springtime of life. Culture is influenced by the media and popular entertainments. Culture is not fixed but changes as its members change. |  | 86 |
| 6405399545 | Decline of Teotihuacan | Internal upheaval in 400s CE; Another upheaval in late 500CE (fire and destruction) uprising the rulers; periods of cooler weather and droughts and were generally difficult times for farming |  | 87 |
| 6405399546 | Early Agriculture in South America | 8000-7000 BCE people of Mesoamerica-Central Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador-began to cultivate beans, chili peppers, avocados, squash and gourds. 4000 BCE they discovered maize, which became staple food for the region. Agricultural villages appeared after 3000 BCE and by 2000 BCE agriculture had spread through Mesoamerica. Early Mesoamericans ate rich cultivated food and didn't keep as many animals as the people in eastern hemisphere. Domesticated animals; turkey, and small barkless dogs for food. |  | 88 |
| 6405399547 | The Chavin Cult | A new religion that appeared during 1000 b.c.e to 800 b.c.e spread which is today Peru. No information made it up to today world, but theories tete that capacity of maize became a important crop and was present to be a promotion of fertility and abundant harvest. |  | 89 |
| 6405399548 | The Mochica State | One of Early Andean states, left a bequest that showed life of a society would most likely lost. Mochica had a base of a valley of the Moche River, which ruled over all the coasts and northern Peru, during 300-700 c,e. Many ceramics show forms of people head's and other present everyday life of the different social class. |  | 90 |
| 6405399549 | Early Cities | Cities of the ancient world—mostly based on agriculture and subsistence farming; basically the urban hearths of the world (i.e. Mesoamerica, Indus River Valley). |  | 91 |
| 6405399550 | Austronesian People | Originated from SE Asia, sophisticated maritime technology, double hulled canoes, agricultural expertise, arrived in New Guinea in 3000 BCE and established coastal settlements. |  | 92 |
| 6405399551 | The Lapita People | The earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific Ocean. |  | 93 |
| 6405399552 | Political Organization | Zhou's rulers decide that a 'decentralized administration' would be best rather than a single center government. They believe entrusting power, authority, and responsibility to loyal friends or leader, As long they in return give allegiance, tribute, and military support. Continue to take over conqueror and rule them self as they pleased. | | 94 |
| 6405399553 | Austronesian Migration to Polynesia | Located in an area called Oceana. These oceanic voyagers had settled every habitable piece in the pacific basin within about 2,500 years. Other austronesians had sailed west from Indonesia across the Indian Ocean to settle the Island of Madagascar off the coast of Eastern Africa |  | 95 |
| 6405399554 | Early Hunting and Gathering Societies in Australia | Hunting and gathering was commonly used as well like any ancient society, the Australians took seasonal migrations in search for food. They had used about 124 plants for use of medicines, a plant-based diet, and weapons. |  | 96 |
| 6405399555 | Early Agriculture in New Guinea | 8000-7000 BCE people of Mesoamerica-Central Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador-began to cultivate beans, chili peppers, avocados, squash and gourds. 4000 BCE they discovered maize, which became staple food for the region. Agricultural villages appeared after 3000 BCE and by 2000 BCE agriculture had spread through Mesoamerica. Early Mesoamericans ate rich cultivated food and didn't keep as many animals as the people in eastern hemisphere. Domesticated animals; turkey, and small barkless dogs for food. | | 97 |
| 6405399556 | Maya Decline | One theory is that there was increased warfare. The second was that theory is that as cities grew there was not enough food/land to support the population leading to more warfare over crops. A third theory is that the kings demanded their people to build more temples and the people rebelled. The fourth theory is that there was an intense drought making it difficult to grow crops. Historians believe that a mixture of these theories led to their decline. |  | 98 |
| 6405399557 | Hyko | Foreign peoples from the south. |  | 99 |
| 6435983243 | Uruk | Ancient Mesopotamia's largest city. | 100 |
