The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism
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| 319483936 | Original start-point of Industrial Revolution | Britain | 0 | |
| 319483935 | Major source of labor | Women and children | 1 | |
| 319483937 | Major resources for industrialization | Coal and steam | 2 | |
| 319483938 | James Hargreaves | Created the spinning jenny and perfected it by 1768. | 3 | |
| 319483939 | Edmund Cartwright | Created the power loom in 1787. | 4 | |
| 319483940 | James Watt | Created the steam engine (very important to know) in the 1760's. | 5 | |
| 319483941 | Henry Cort | Created the puddling system that used coke to burn away impurities in iron and produce an iron of high quality. | 6 | |
| 319483942 | Richard Trevithick | Created the first steam-powered locomotive, which created a use for railroads. | 7 | |
| 319483943 | the "Rocket" | Created by George Stephenson, this was used first on the public railway. | 8 | |
| 319483944 | Spread of 1850's | This is when the Industrialization era started to spread to the rest of Europe. | 9 | |
| 319483945 | Harpers Ferry | An arsenal that housed muskets that held interchangeable parts (all the triggers were the exact same, which created a cost-effective system). | 10 | |
| 319483946 | Great Famine | Located in Ireland, their main crop potatoes was struck by a blight and killed the crops. Also, this killed over one million people. | 11 | |
| 319483947 | Edwin Chadwick | An urban reformer and was a secretary of the Poor Law Commission. He wrote the Report of the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. | 12 | |
| 319483948 | Working conditions | Horrible conditions included: no security, minimum wage, dangerous environment, long hours, use of children, diseases, and more. | 13 | |
| 319483949 | Factory Act of 1833 | Minimum working age established at the age of 9. | 14 | |
| 319483950 | Jedediah Strutt | Factory owner who was opposed to child labor, but was forced to take on children who were as young as 7 years old. | 15 | |
| 319483951 | Karl Marx | Founder of communism. | 16 | |
| 319483952 | Robert Owen | Followed Marx's ideas and tried to create a community using those ideas, but failed. | 17 | |
| 319483953 | Congress of Vienna | Created by Great Britain in 1814 this was created to arrange a final peace settlement. Countries included in this congress were Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Metternich from Austria ran the congress. | 18 | |
| 319483954 | Concert of Europe | This was created to make sure that the ideas of the Congress of Vienna were followed, France joined this at a later time. | 19 | |
| 319483955 | Liberalism | Owing much to Enlightenment, this type of political ideology included laissez-faire. Liberalists believed that civil liberties should be guaranteed by a written document. | 20 | |
| 319483956 | Charles X | Bourbon monarch of France during 1824-1830 was a conservative and wanted to restore the old regime. He was overthrown shortly and replaced with a limited monarchy lead by Louis-Philippe. | 21 | |
| 319483957 | Start of the Revolutions of 1848 | France | 22 | |
| 319483958 | Second Republic | The second republic of France was created on November 4, 1848, which elected Napoleon's nephew, Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. | 23 | |
| 319483959 | Napoleon II | He was elected as a president in December of 1848 and in four years became emperor. | 24 | |
| 319483960 | William IV | King of Prussia, agreed to abolish censorship, establish a new constitution and work for a united Germany using the Frankfurt Assembly. Sadly, it did not work and no one really spoke of it. | 25 | |
| 319483961 | Bolivar and San Martin | Leaders of the independence movement for Latin America. Bolivar is known for Venezuela and defeating the Spanish at the battle of Ayacucho, he became known as the Liberator. Martin is known for Argentina. | 26 | |
| 319483962 | L'Ouverture | Credited with getting independence for Haiti. | 27 | |
| 319483963 | Hidalgo y Costilla | Credited with getting independence for Mexico. | 28 | |
| 319483964 | Monroe Doctrine | This assured independence for the Latin Americans down south. | 29 | |
| 319483965 | Santa Anna | Known as a caudillo leader. | 30 | |
| 319483966 | Eastern Question | Regarded interests with Russia and Austria, was resolved by the Crimean War. | 31 | |
| 319483967 | Crimean War | Another war between Russia and the Turks, was poorly planned and organized, was resolved by the Treaty of Paris in 1856. | 32 | |
| 319483968 | Cavour | He made an alliance with France saying that they would get Lombardy and the Piedmontese. | 33 | |
| 319483969 | Garibaldi | Lead the Red Shirts in Italy who revolted in Sicily. | 34 | |
| 319483970 | Austro-Prussian War | War in 1866 that allowed the Italians to annex Venetia and then Rome later completing the unification of Italy. | 35 | |
| 319483971 | Otto von Bismarck | We credit him with the unification of Germany. He was an ultimate realist and a practitioner of realpolitik, or the "politics of reality". | 36 | |
| 319483972 | Koniggratz | Austria lost to Prussia here and was excluded from German affairs. | 37 | |
| 319483973 | Reform Bill in Britain | In 1832 Parliament passed this to prevent revolts, this increased the number of male voters. | 38 | |
| 319483974 | Longest reign of English history | Queen Victoria 1837-1901 | 39 | |
| 319483975 | Second French Empire | Started by Napoleon III, he modernized France, especially Paris. The regime was ended in 1870 by Prussia. | 40 | |
| 319483976 | Ausgleich | Compromise | 41 | |
| 319483977 | Tsar Alexander II | The tsar of Russia, he decided to do a major overhaul of the Russian system. He completely modernized it. Although he abolished serfdom, it was unfavorable to them as they had to purchase land from the landlords. | 42 | |
| 319483978 | Two major parties of US in 19th century | Federalists and Republicans | 43 | |
| 319483979 | Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson/James Madison | Hamilton lead the Federalists while Jefferson and Madison lead the Republicans. | 44 | |
| 319483980 | American Civil War | Lasting from 1861-1865, the Confederation of America battled against the North for control over America. Over half a million soldiers died and was eventually ended by Grant when he forced Lee to surrender. | 45 | |
| 319483981 | Emancipation Proclamation | Decreed by Lincoln, this freed slaves. | 46 | |
| 319483982 | Romanticism | A new movement that involved focusing on feeling, emotion, and imagination. Famous poets include Edgar Allan Poe and Goethe. | 47 | |
| 319483983 | Beethoven | One of the greatest composers ever, served as a bridge between classicism and romanticism. | 48 | |
| 319483984 | Louis Pasteur | Created the germ theory of disease. | 49 | |
| 319483985 | Dmitri Mendeleyev | Classified all the material elements then known on the basis of their atomic weights. | 50 | |
| 319483986 | Charles Darwin | Created natural selection and published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. | 51 | |
| 319483987 | Realism | The opposite of Romanticism, this deals with the realistic aspects of life. | 52 | |
| 319483988 | Charles Dickens | British novelist who is associated with realism. | 53 | |
| 319483989 | Gustave Courbet | Painted the Stonebreakers, a painting of two men appearing to be breaking rocks. | 54 |
