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| 6224913518 | Class diversification | A diversitification system happened in modern era. One of the modern era's hallmark social developments, which was most striking in Europe and North America | 0 | |
| 6224920299 | Urbanization | After Industrial Revolution, lots of farmers become workers and live together, which becomes city. | 1 | |
| 6224926484 | Industrial working class (proletariat) | Include factory workers, miners and wage labors of any kind, skilled or unskilled, in urban and industrial settings. | 2 | |
| 6224936606 | Middle class (bourgeoisie) | The class expanded and diverstifiedm including in its ranks landowners, well-off farmers, master artisans and craftsmen, professionals, and many others. Most influential members were banks, merchantsm and factory owners. | 3 | |
| 6224943874 | Tanzimat reforms | The reformation of the mid-1800s ushered in a degree of liberalization and secularization and also emphasized greater religious toleration for non-Muslim millets happened in the Ottoman-dominated Middle East, although change are limited and stop in 1870s. | 4 | |
| 6224951284 | Racially segregationist policies | Racial differences result in segregation in the area. | 5 | |
| 6282883373 | Janpanese caste system | The caste system in ancient Japan, which including samurai, aristocrat and merchant class. | 6 | |
| 6282883374 | Hindu caste system | The caste system in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste. It has origins in ancient India, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early-modern, and, modern India, especially the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. It is today the basis of educational and job reservations in India.[citation needed] It consists of two different concepts, varna and jāti, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system. Varna may be translated as "class," and refers to the four social classes which existed in the Vedic society, namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. Certain groups, now known as Dalits, were historically excluded from the varna system altogether, and are still ostracised as untouchables. | 7 | |
| 6282885518 | Hindu-Muslim religious strife | Historical records of religious violence are extensive for medieval India, in the form of corpus written by numerous Muslim historians. Will Durant states that Hindus were historically persecuted during Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent. Religious violence in medieval India began in centuries before the start of Delhi Sultanate, with the raids by Turko-Mongol, Persian and Afghan armies. It intensified during Delhi Sultanate, continued through Mughal Empire, and then in the British colonial period. | 8 | |
| 6282886992 | Meiji | Emperor Meiji, or Meiji the Great was the 122nd Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from February 3, 1867 until his death on July 30, 1912. He presided over a time of rapid change in the Empire of Japan, as the nation quickly changed from a feudal state to a capitalist and imperial world power, characterized by the Japanese industrial revolution. |  | 9 |
| 6283197382 | coolie labor | kuli in Chinese term ( 苦力 ） | 10 | |
| 6283421039 | abolition movement | Abolitionism is a movement to end slavery, whether formal or informal. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism is a historical movement to end the African and Indian slave trade and set slaves free. King Charles I of Spain, usually known as Emperor Charles V, following the example of Louis X of France who abolished slavery within the Kingdom of France in 1315, passed a law which would have abolished colonial slavery in 1542, although this law was not passed in the largest colonial states, and so was not enforced. In the late 17th century, the Roman Catholic Church, taking up a plea by Lourenco da Silva de Mendouca, officially condemned the slave trade, which was affirmed vehemently by Pope Gregory XVI in 1839. An abolitionist movement only started in the late 18th century, however, when English and American Quakers began to question the morality of slavery. James Oglethorpe was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery, banning it in the Province of Georgia on humanitarian grounds, arguing against it in Parliament, and eventually encouraging his friends Granville Sharp and Hannah More to vigorously pursue the cause. Soon after his death in 1785, they joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect. | 11 | |
| 6287089763 | serfdom | Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century. | 12 | |
| 6287089764 | serf uprisings | 农民起义 | 13 | |
| 6287091388 | Emancipation of Russia's serfs | The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia was the first and most important of liberal reforms effected during the reign (1855-1881) of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The reform effectively abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire. | 14 | |
| 6287092164 | David Livingstone | David Livingstone was a Scottish congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa, one of the most popular national heroes of the late-19th-century in Victorian Britain. He had a mythical status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial and colonial expansion. | 15 | |
| 6287092912 | Atlantic slave trade | The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th through the 19th centuries. The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported to the New World, mainly on the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, were Africans from the central and western parts of the continent who had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders (with a small minority being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids), and brought to the Americas. The South Atlantic and Caribbean economic system centered on producing commodity crops, making goods and clothing to sell in Europe, and increasing the numbers of African slaves brought to the New World. This was crucial to those western European countries which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with each other to create overseas empires | 16 | |
| 6287092913 | Haitian Revolution | The Haitian Revolution was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint-Domingue that lasted from 1791 until 1804. It affected the institution of slavery throughout the Americas. Self-liberated slaves destroyed slavery at home, fought to preserve their freedom, and with the collaboration of mulattoes, founded the sovereign state of Haiti. It led to the greatest slave uprising since Spartacus's unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years prior. | 17 | |
| 6287096900 | quota system | The Quota System (also known as The Quod), introduced by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in 1790, required each English county to provide a quota of men for the Royal Navy, based on its population and the number of its seaports: London, for example, had to provide 5,704 quotamen while Yorkshire had to provide 1,081. | 18 | |
| 6287097585 | Chinese Exclusion Act | The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. The act followed the Angell Treaty of 1880, a set of revisions to the US-China Burlingame Treaty of 1868 that allowed the US to suspend Chinese immigration. The act was initially intended to last for 10 years, but was renewed in 1892 with the Geary Act and made permanent in 1902. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first law implemented to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the United States. It was repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943. | 19 | |
| 6287098476 | White Australia Policy | The term White Australia policy comprises various historical policies that effectively barred people of non-European descent from immigrating to Australia. There was never any specific policy titled such, but the term was invented later to describe a collection of policies that were designed to exclude people from Asia (particularly China) and the Pacific Islands (particularly Melanesia). The policy was progressively dismantled between 1949 and 1973. | 20 | |
| 6287099153 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Mary Wollstonecraft (/ˈwʊlstən.krɑːft/; 27 April 1759 - 10 September 1797) was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. | 21 | |
| 6287099976 | Olympe de Gouges | Olympe de Gouges (French: [olɛ̃p də ɡuʒ] ( listen); 7 May 1748 - 3 November 1793), born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience. | 22 | |
| 6287101265 | Suffragette movement | Suffragettes were members of women's organizations in the late-19th and early-20th centuries which advocated the extension of the "franchise", or the right to vote in public elections, to women. It particularly refers to militants in the United Kingdom such as members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Suffragist is a more general term for members of the suffrage movement. | 23 | |
| 6287103112 | Napoleonic civil code | The Napoleonic Code is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. | 24 |
