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| 5916031943 | Abbas II | Khedive of Egypt 1892-191 | 0 | |
| 5916031944 | Abu Taleb | The head of the Bani Hashim clan and the uncle of Muhammed; raised and supported Muhammad against the heads of Quoraysh when he started his mission as prophet. | 1 | |
| 5916031945 | Akbar | The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India. | 2 | |
| 5916031946 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death. | 3 | |
| 5916031947 | Babur | founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. | 4 | |
| 5916031948 | Battle of Lepanto | took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of southern European Catholic maritime states, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting on the northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, off western Greece. | 5 | |
| 5916031949 | Chaldrian | Site of a battle between The Safavids and Ottomans in 1514, Safavids were severely defeated by the Ottomans, checked western advance of the Safavid Empire | 6 | |
| 5916031950 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindu and Muslims in India, but failed. | 7 | |
| 5916031951 | Francois Bernier | French Psychian. Published a book classifying humans into categories, Europeans, Blacks, Lapps, and Far Easterners | 8 | |
| 5916031952 | Golden Horn | What was the peninsula upon which the rich city of Constantinople was built, famously known as? | 9 | |
| 5916031953 | Gunpowder Empires | Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes. | 10 | |
| 5916031954 | Hagia Sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. | 11 | |
| 5916031955 | Humayan | Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly thereafter | 12 | |
| 5916031956 | Imams | According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Ali | 13 | |
| 5916031957 | Isfahan | Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today. | 14 | |
| 5916031958 | Isma'il | A great Safavid ruler who, at the age of 14, conquered much of the territory that became the Safavid Empire. He was a religious tyrant who made Shi'ia the state religion. | 15 | |
| 5916031959 | Jahangir | Akbar's son and successor. In his early years he sought to strengthen central government, but became a weak ruler over time | 16 | |
| 5916031961 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 17 | |
| 5916031962 | Jizya | Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire | 18 | |
| 5916031964 | Marattas | Western India peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in 18th century | 19 | |
| 5916031965 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. | 20 | |
| 5916031966 | Mughal Dynasty | Est by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. | 21 | |
| 5916031967 | Mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism. | 22 | |
| 5916031968 | Mumtaz Mahal | The niece of Nur Jahan and wife of Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal was built as a memorial to her. | 23 | |
| 5916031969 | Nadir Khan Afshar | Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom | 24 | |
| 5916031970 | Nur Jahan | wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign. | 25 | |
| 5916031971 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world. | 26 | |
| 5916031972 | Padishah | Safavid term used for king of kings. | 27 | |
| 5916031973 | Purdah | Isolation of women in separate quarters | 28 | |
| 5916031974 | Red Heads | Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear | 29 | |
| 5916031975 | Safavid Dynasty | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. | 30 | |
| 5916031976 | Sail al-Din | Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty. | 31 | |
| 5916031977 | Selim | Third Son of Suleyman, an incompetent and bad ruler. Saleyman the Lawgiver had killed his ablest son and drove another into exile. This set the pattern for later sultans to gain and hold power. It became customary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled. and ther sons held prisoner in the harem. This practice produced a long line opf weak sultans who eventually brought ruin on the empire. | 32 | |
| 5916031978 | Shah | The title of the former ruler of Iran | 33 | |
| 5916031979 | Shah Abbas the Great | Restored prosperity and made Isfahan the capital of the Safavid Dynasty which was the center of the silk trade. | 34 | |
| 5916031980 | Shah Jahan | Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666) | 35 | |
| 5916031981 | Shi'a | The second largest sect within Islam. It originated in the early centuries of Islam perhaps over a political dispute over who would be the next Caliph. This group believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali should be the Caliph. Over time this faction's religious interpretations and practices have also come to differ slightly from most Muslims. | 36 | |
| 5916031982 | Sikhs | Nonviolent religous group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism | 37 | |
| 5916031984 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 38 | |
| 5916031985 | Tahmasp I | 1534-1576. Won the throne after Isma'il , rebuilt the Safavid dynasty. Brought Turkic chiefs under control. Longest reign in the Safavid dynasty. | 39 | |
| 5916031986 | Taj Mahal | beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife | 40 | |
| 5916031987 | Vizier | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 5th century often more powerful than sultan | 41 | |
| 5916031988 | Zoroastrians | Followers of the Persian Zarathustra (6th century) who taught that there are two gods, one good and one evil, that keep the world in a constant struggle between light and darkness. THe good god Ahura Mazda demands good works. | 42 |
