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AP World History: Chapter 21 Flashcards

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6239234527Trading Cities- maintained order - strategic location - didn't have outrageous taxes0
6239234528MelakaMajor trading port in the eastern Indian Ocean that has multiple cultural interactions with a population of 50,000 people1
6239234529Marco Polo- Venetian - 1253-1324 - Govenor to Khubilai Khan for 17 years in the city of Yangzhou2
6239234530Pope Innocent IVsent envoys to invite the Mongol khans to convert to Christianity and join Europeans in an alliance against the Muslims. The khans declined the invitation.3
6239234531Rabban Saumaa Nestorian Christian priest sent as an envoy by the Mongol ilkhan of Persiato the pope and European political leaders to defeat the Muslims but he was declined.4
6239234532Ibn Battuta- 1304-1369 - Became a qadi and enforced Islamic law at many courts throughout the world - Muslim5
6239234533Sufi Missionariesdid not insist on a strict practice of Islam but emphasized piety and devotion to Allah6
6239234534Christian Missionaries- Accompanied crusaders - Baltic and Balkan= success - eastern Mediterranean= failure bc Crusaders did not hold land there7
6239234535John of Montecorvino- Roman Catholic missionary in China - Italian - Well-liked and worked hard to introduce Christian elements into society - Attracted few Asian peoples to Christianity.8
6239234536Successful Christian MissionsScandinavia, eastern Europe, Spain, and the Mediterranean islands that European armies recaptured from Muslims9
6239234537Failed Christian MissionsEast Asians bc they already had religions10
6239234538Cultural Exchanges- Crops (sugarcane from Muslims to the Europeans who staffed plantations with slaves) - Gunpowder (from China to Mongols who spread it west which ends the feudal system and created cannons that could destroy castle walls)11
6239234539Spread of Bubonic PlaugeSpread from Yunnan region of China by Mongol travels on trade routes and into the Black Sea where fleeing Italian merchants spread it yet further12
6239234540Bubonic PlaugeCauses inflamed lymph nodes and is wildly contagious. Also spreads through rodents. Popped up randomly everywhere and devastated the population.13
6239234541Bubonic Plague Avoided- Scandinavia and northern Europe bc its so cold - India - Subsaharan Africa bc it is so hot14
6239234542Effects of Bubonic Plauge- MAJOR population decline - Labor shortages - Civil unrest15
6239234543Hongwu- Came to power through military achievements - Established the Ming Dynasty - Reestablished the Confucian educational and civil service systems - Highly centralized government - Expanded China's influence to Korea, Mongolia, and parts of Central and Southeast Asia - Reduced taxes - Reinstated Chinese values - Improved agriculture16
6239234544MandarinsSpecial class of powerful officials sent out by the government to check on local officials.17
6239234545EunuchsUsed them as advisors bc they wouldn't overthrow them18
6239234546Yongle- Wrote Yongle encyclopedia - Built Forbidden city - Oversees/ sponsors voyages (of Zheng He)19
6239234547HumanistsChristians who believed you could participate in the workings of the world and still be a devout Catholic and centered on achievements of the individual rather than of the community - Civic humanism- using talents to improve society20
6239234548Francesco Petrarchdefined humanism, said "the potential of the human mind is limitless"21
6239234549Baldassare Castiglione-wrote a newsletter called "The Courier" and in one article he wrote about "the Renaissance Man," a man of education and action who was well spoken and education (Leonardo Da Vinci was the perfect Renaissance Man)22
6239234550Niccolo Machiavelliwrote "The Prince" which was a guide on how to rule to a fictional prince he said "It is better for a prince to be feared than to be loved" and "a prince should use whatever means necessary to maintain control of his realm" (Legalism)23
6239234551Desiderius Erasmus- 1466-1536 - published "The Praise of Folly" and blames the pope he says if you have a bible and faith then you can be a true Christian24
6239234552Sir Thomas More- Contemporary of Desiderius Erasmus - Wrote Utopia about a perfect society based on reason, not the church or government25
6239234553Chinese VoyagesEmperor Yongle organized the expeditions for two reasons... - to impose imperial control over foreign trade with China - to impress foreign peoples with the power and might that the Ming dynasty had restored to China. - 1405-143326
6239234554Zheng He- a Muslim from Yunnan in China who was a trusted advisor of Yongle. - took his fleet to southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and the coast of Africa - paid respect to the local deities and customs - used diplomacy usually and violence on occasion to impress forieners - brought gifts from many nations27
6239234555End of the Voyages- Confucians said the money being used for the expeditions should be used for agriculture - The Chinese army was needed to defend themselves from the Mongols28
6239234556Results of the End of the Voyages- imperial officials destroyed most of the nautical charts - returned to an isolationist policy in which foreign merchants could only trade at certain supervised markets29
6239234557European Voyages- the desire to expand Roman Catholic Christianity - the desire to profit from trade30
6239234558Portuguese ExplorationThe first ones after China bc... - They already had experience sailing from fishing - They had a large coastline - Prince Henry (the Navigator) encouraged31
6239234559Bartolomeu Diassailed around the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean but turned around bc his crew was homesick32
6239234560Vasco da GamaSailed to India and in 1498 he arrived at Calicut, and by 1499 he had returned to Lisbon with a cargo of pepper and spices.33
6239234561Pedro Cabralsailed west and claimed Brazil for Portugal34
6239234562Christopher Columbus- the Catholic Kings, Fernando and Isabel of Spain sponsored him - Reached the Bahamas - Never acknowledged that his expeditions had not reached Asia - Made many voyages35
6239234563Reasons for Exploration- Wealth - Fame and glory - Spread of faith - Curiosity36
6239234564Technologies Used in Exploration- Compass - Astrolabe - Deep draft ships - Lateen sails - Cannons37
6239234565Prince Henry (of Portugal) the Navigatormajor patron of the explorers38
6239234566ReconquistaLed by the Christian kingdom of Castile - captures the city of Toledo - convinces the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Aragon of Portugal to help39
6239234567The Ming Dynasty- Great Wall of China - Improved irrigation and agriculture bc of new crops - Population increase - Manufacturing increase40
6239234568Causes of the Italian Renaissance- Crusades (trade increased) - Rich Italian city-states - Patrons support the arts - Interactions with - Muslims bring back classical (Greek and Roman) knowledge - Increased desire for beauty and knowledge41
6239234569Nicholas CopernicusHeliocentric view of the universe42
6239234570GalileoArrested for his views against the heliocentric universe43
6239234571Patronspeople who commission artwork to be produced - The Medici Family of Florence - The Sforza Family of Milan - Queen Elizabeth I (to Shakespeare)44
6239234572Renaissance Art- perspective - perfect form of beauty45
6239234573Michelangelo- sculptor/ painter - David - Sistine Chapel46
6239234574Causes of the Northern Renaissance- Trade and the growth of cities - Many Italian artists flee the violence in the Peninsula to the north - Patrons spread the word of artists to their friends - Scholars go to the Italian Peninsula and return North47
6239234575Most Important InventionJohannes Gutenberg's printing press48
6239234576Christine de PisanThe City of Women49
6239234577Art in the North- People depicted as they really looked - More landscapes - Darker colors - Pictured with items in everyday scenes - Used religious symbolism but not actual pictures50
6239234578Albrecht DurerUsed oils, fabrics, and wood51
6239234579Hans HolbeinUsed objects to characterize subjects in portraits52

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