6239234527 | Trading Cities | - maintained order - strategic location - didn't have outrageous taxes | 0 | |
6239234528 | Melaka | Major trading port in the eastern Indian Ocean that has multiple cultural interactions with a population of 50,000 people | 1 | |
6239234529 | Marco Polo | - Venetian - 1253-1324 - Govenor to Khubilai Khan for 17 years in the city of Yangzhou | 2 | |
6239234530 | Pope Innocent IV | sent envoys to invite the Mongol khans to convert to Christianity and join Europeans in an alliance against the Muslims. The khans declined the invitation. | 3 | |
6239234531 | Rabban Sauma | a Nestorian Christian priest sent as an envoy by the Mongol ilkhan of Persiato the pope and European political leaders to defeat the Muslims but he was declined. | 4 | |
6239234532 | Ibn Battuta | - 1304-1369 - Became a qadi and enforced Islamic law at many courts throughout the world - Muslim | 5 | |
6239234533 | Sufi Missionaries | did not insist on a strict practice of Islam but emphasized piety and devotion to Allah | 6 | |
6239234534 | Christian Missionaries | - Accompanied crusaders - Baltic and Balkan= success - eastern Mediterranean= failure bc Crusaders did not hold land there | 7 | |
6239234535 | John of Montecorvino | - Roman Catholic missionary in China - Italian - Well-liked and worked hard to introduce Christian elements into society - Attracted few Asian peoples to Christianity. | 8 | |
6239234536 | Successful Christian Missions | Scandinavia, eastern Europe, Spain, and the Mediterranean islands that European armies recaptured from Muslims | 9 | |
6239234537 | Failed Christian Missions | East Asians bc they already had religions | 10 | |
6239234538 | Cultural Exchanges | - Crops (sugarcane from Muslims to the Europeans who staffed plantations with slaves) - Gunpowder (from China to Mongols who spread it west which ends the feudal system and created cannons that could destroy castle walls) | 11 | |
6239234539 | Spread of Bubonic Plauge | Spread from Yunnan region of China by Mongol travels on trade routes and into the Black Sea where fleeing Italian merchants spread it yet further | 12 | |
6239234540 | Bubonic Plauge | Causes inflamed lymph nodes and is wildly contagious. Also spreads through rodents. Popped up randomly everywhere and devastated the population. | 13 | |
6239234541 | Bubonic Plague Avoided | - Scandinavia and northern Europe bc its so cold - India - Subsaharan Africa bc it is so hot | 14 | |
6239234542 | Effects of Bubonic Plauge | - MAJOR population decline - Labor shortages - Civil unrest | 15 | |
6239234543 | Hongwu | - Came to power through military achievements - Established the Ming Dynasty - Reestablished the Confucian educational and civil service systems - Highly centralized government - Expanded China's influence to Korea, Mongolia, and parts of Central and Southeast Asia - Reduced taxes - Reinstated Chinese values - Improved agriculture | 16 | |
6239234544 | Mandarins | Special class of powerful officials sent out by the government to check on local officials. | 17 | |
6239234545 | Eunuchs | Used them as advisors bc they wouldn't overthrow them | 18 | |
6239234546 | Yongle | - Wrote Yongle encyclopedia - Built Forbidden city - Oversees/ sponsors voyages (of Zheng He) | 19 | |
6239234547 | Humanists | Christians who believed you could participate in the workings of the world and still be a devout Catholic and centered on achievements of the individual rather than of the community - Civic humanism- using talents to improve society | 20 | |
6239234548 | Francesco Petrarch | defined humanism, said "the potential of the human mind is limitless" | 21 | |
6239234549 | Baldassare Castiglione- | wrote a newsletter called "The Courier" and in one article he wrote about "the Renaissance Man," a man of education and action who was well spoken and education (Leonardo Da Vinci was the perfect Renaissance Man) | 22 | |
6239234550 | Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince" which was a guide on how to rule to a fictional prince he said "It is better for a prince to be feared than to be loved" and "a prince should use whatever means necessary to maintain control of his realm" (Legalism) | 23 | |
6239234551 | Desiderius Erasmus | - 1466-1536 - published "The Praise of Folly" and blames the pope he says if you have a bible and faith then you can be a true Christian | 24 | |
6239234552 | Sir Thomas More | - Contemporary of Desiderius Erasmus - Wrote Utopia about a perfect society based on reason, not the church or government | 25 | |
6239234553 | Chinese Voyages | Emperor Yongle organized the expeditions for two reasons... - to impose imperial control over foreign trade with China - to impress foreign peoples with the power and might that the Ming dynasty had restored to China. - 1405-1433 | 26 | |
6239234554 | Zheng He | - a Muslim from Yunnan in China who was a trusted advisor of Yongle. - took his fleet to southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and the coast of Africa - paid respect to the local deities and customs - used diplomacy usually and violence on occasion to impress forieners - brought gifts from many nations | 27 | |
6239234555 | End of the Voyages | - Confucians said the money being used for the expeditions should be used for agriculture - The Chinese army was needed to defend themselves from the Mongols | 28 | |
6239234556 | Results of the End of the Voyages | - imperial officials destroyed most of the nautical charts - returned to an isolationist policy in which foreign merchants could only trade at certain supervised markets | 29 | |
6239234557 | European Voyages | - the desire to expand Roman Catholic Christianity - the desire to profit from trade | 30 | |
6239234558 | Portuguese Exploration | The first ones after China bc... - They already had experience sailing from fishing - They had a large coastline - Prince Henry (the Navigator) encouraged | 31 | |
6239234559 | Bartolomeu Dias | sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean but turned around bc his crew was homesick | 32 | |
6239234560 | Vasco da Gama | Sailed to India and in 1498 he arrived at Calicut, and by 1499 he had returned to Lisbon with a cargo of pepper and spices. | 33 | |
6239234561 | Pedro Cabral | sailed west and claimed Brazil for Portugal | 34 | |
6239234562 | Christopher Columbus | - the Catholic Kings, Fernando and Isabel of Spain sponsored him - Reached the Bahamas - Never acknowledged that his expeditions had not reached Asia - Made many voyages | 35 | |
6239234563 | Reasons for Exploration | - Wealth - Fame and glory - Spread of faith - Curiosity | 36 | |
6239234564 | Technologies Used in Exploration | - Compass - Astrolabe - Deep draft ships - Lateen sails - Cannons | 37 | |
6239234565 | Prince Henry (of Portugal) the Navigator | major patron of the explorers | 38 | |
6239234566 | Reconquista | Led by the Christian kingdom of Castile - captures the city of Toledo - convinces the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Aragon of Portugal to help | 39 | |
6239234567 | The Ming Dynasty | - Great Wall of China - Improved irrigation and agriculture bc of new crops - Population increase - Manufacturing increase | 40 | |
6239234568 | Causes of the Italian Renaissance | - Crusades (trade increased) - Rich Italian city-states - Patrons support the arts - Interactions with - Muslims bring back classical (Greek and Roman) knowledge - Increased desire for beauty and knowledge | 41 | |
6239234569 | Nicholas Copernicus | Heliocentric view of the universe | 42 | |
6239234570 | Galileo | Arrested for his views against the heliocentric universe | 43 | |
6239234571 | Patrons | people who commission artwork to be produced - The Medici Family of Florence - The Sforza Family of Milan - Queen Elizabeth I (to Shakespeare) | 44 | |
6239234572 | Renaissance Art | - perspective - perfect form of beauty | 45 | |
6239234573 | Michelangelo | - sculptor/ painter - David - Sistine Chapel | 46 | |
6239234574 | Causes of the Northern Renaissance | - Trade and the growth of cities - Many Italian artists flee the violence in the Peninsula to the north - Patrons spread the word of artists to their friends - Scholars go to the Italian Peninsula and return North | 47 | |
6239234575 | Most Important Invention | Johannes Gutenberg's printing press | 48 | |
6239234576 | Christine de Pisan | The City of Women | 49 | |
6239234577 | Art in the North | - People depicted as they really looked - More landscapes - Darker colors - Pictured with items in everyday scenes - Used religious symbolism but not actual pictures | 50 | |
6239234578 | Albrecht Durer | Used oils, fabrics, and wood | 51 | |
6239234579 | Hans Holbein | Used objects to characterize subjects in portraits | 52 |
AP World History: Chapter 21 Flashcards
Primary tabs
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!