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| 298879786 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century. They unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established an empire that included most of the Arab world and some of the Eastern Europe (Balkans) that last until after WWI | 0 | |
| 298879787 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire | 1 | |
| 298879788 | Janissaries | Conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; had great political influence after the 15th century | 2 | |
| 298879789 | Vizier | Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan | 3 | |
| 298879790 | Suleymaniye Mosque | Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent who was possibly the greatest of all Ottoman rulers | 4 | |
| 298879791 | Safavid Dynasty | Founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722 | 5 | |
| 298879792 | Safi al-Din | Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty | 6 | |
| 298879793 | Chaldiran | Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state | 7 | |
| 298879794 | Abbas I (the Great) | Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology | 8 | |
| 298879795 | Imams | Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors | 9 | |
| 298879796 | Mullahs | Religious leader under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism | 10 | |
| 298879797 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture | 11 | |
| 298879798 | Mughal dynasty | Established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the middle of the 19th century | 12 | |
| 298879799 | Babur | Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530 | 13 | |
| 298879800 | Humayan | Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556 | 14 | |
| 298879801 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority | 15 | |
| 298879802 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Island and Hinduism; did not survive his death | 16 | |
| 298879803 | Taj Mahel | Mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India | 17 | |
| 298879804 | Nur Jahan | Wife of ruler Jahangir, who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign | 18 | |
| 298879805 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707 | 19 | |
| 298879806 | Red Heads | Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear | 20 | |
| 298879807 | Shah | Turkic term used for emperor | 21 | |
| 298879808 | Padishah | Safavid term used for king of kings | 22 | |
| 298879809 | Nadir Khan Afsher | (1688-1747) Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom | 23 | |
| 298879810 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 24 | |
| 298879811 | Mumtaz Mahal | (1593-1631) Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal | 25 | |
| 298879812 | Sikhs | Members of a Hindu religious sect founded in northern India around 1500. They believe in one god and reject the caste system | 26 |
