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| 16282884648 | Industrial Revolution | Economic transformation, alongside environmental and lifestyle changes, occurring first in 18th century England. | 0 | |
| 16284005543 | Agricultural Revolution | 18th century farming transformation resulting from spread of new crops, cultivation technique and livestock breeding improvements, introduction of mechanical reapers and harvesters and seed drill, and enclosure movement | 1 | |
| 16294292735 | Enclosure Movement | Parliament allowed large land owners to combine and enclose smaller plots while kicking out many small farmers as technological improvements replaced them, adding them to the labor supply | 2 | |
| 16294363095 | Commercial Revolution | Trade expansion between Europe, Africa, and Asia in which Europe couldn't meet manufacturing demands, leading to industrial improvements and the industrial revolution. Also made English merchants wealthy. | 3 | |
| 16294343205 | Capital | Money invested into factories/tech for industrial revolution. England had the most, partially from commercial revolution. | 4 | |
| 16294394610 | Mass Production | Manufacturing of many identical products by dividing labor into small tasks. | 5 | |
| 16294399668 | Interchangeable Parts | 6 | ||
| 16294542896 | Division of Labor | Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in Josiah Wedgwood's pottery works and other 18th century factories | 7 | |
| 16294542897 | Coke | Efficient fuel product from coal, discovered by Abraham Darby in 1709 | 8 | |
| 16294606097 | Pig Iron | Crude, lumped iron obtained after smelting iron ore in a furnace. Production increased 250% between 1770-1800. | 9 | |
| 16295052039 | Cast Iron | Poured molten iron into a mold/cast | 10 | |
| 16295057103 | Steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in 1760s/70s. It was then applied to machinery. | 11 | |
| 16295070469 | Telegraph | A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in 1830s/40s | 12 | |
| 16295083271 | Crystal Palace | Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was symbolic of the industrial age. | 13 | |
| 16296488065 | Piecers | 7-10 year old child laborers who quickly made minor repairs to machines as they broke on the fly | 14 | |
| 16296523174 | Scavengers | Child laborers, young as 6, who collected materials from and around machines while they ran, crawling underneath them if necessary | 15 | |
| 16296548588 | Workhouse | Bought/contracted (~enslaved) children from orphanages to work until 21, only paid 1 euro per 7 days | 16 | |
| 16296588381 | Mercantilism | Europe's political system after feudalism's fall based on accumulation of gold and silver, establishment of colonies, and development of industry and mining to achieve a favorable balance of trade. | 17 | |
| 16296631785 | Laissez-Faire | Idea that government shouldn't interfere in economic affairs, shown in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776) | 18 | |
| 16296699055 | Proletariat | Industrial labor class lacking possessions | 19 | |
| 16296729461 | Bourgeoisie | Growing English upper middle class post-feudalism with wealth sourced from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. Owned means of production. | 20 | |
| 16296771395 | Socialism | Government owns means of production with hope that they'll serve the public's interests rather than private's | 21 | |
| 16296794854 | Why Socialists Rejected Capitalism | Rejected capitalism because it created poor working conditions resulting from its goal of maximizing profits for investors | 22 | |
| 16296782538 | Communism | Karl Marx's system involving removal of private property and individualistic desires to instead serve the greater whole | 23 | |
| 16296936019 | Utopian Socialism | Ideal socialist society in which community divides tasks and rewards fairly, justly and evenly to create such a system | 24 | |
| 16296960412 | New Lanark | Robert Owen's socialist, Scottish community around textile mill | 25 | |
| 16297033769 | Chartism | Political reform movement led by William Lovert and Fergus O' Conner, appealing to miners and industrial workers | 26 | |
| 16297104432 | Luddites | 1811 Protesters (literally) attacking technological advancements because they replaced human jobs | 27 | |
| 16297128990 | Nemesis | 28 | ||
| 16303975919 | Jethro Tull | Invented seed drill in 1701 after seeing how wasteful scattering seeds was | 29 | |
| 16303981258 | Eli Whitney | Invented the cotton gin and is credited for inventing interchangeable parts in late 1700s despite them being used around Europe prior | 30 | |
| 16304157902 | Josiah Wedgwood | English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. | 31 | |
| 16304184670 | John Kay | English artisan who invented the "flying shuttle" to spin threads | 32 | |
| 16304202077 | Richard Arkwright | English inventor/entrepreneur who became the wealthiest/most successful textile manufacturer of Industrial Revolution. Invented water frame, which could spin several threads at once with minimal human supervision | 33 | |
| 16304287104 | Samuel Crompton | British inventor of the spinning mule, which permitted large-scale manufacture of high-quality thread, yarn, and cloth called muslin by combining best features of the jenny and water frames. | 34 | |
| 16304333334 | James Hargreaves | Invented spinning jenny, allowing one person to spin 16 threads at once. | 35 | |
| 16304403564 | Abraham Darby | Discovered that coke (cheap coal) could be used instead of expensive charcoal | 36 | |
| 16304422546 | Henry Cort | Discovered method of removing impurities in coke-iron by pudding-stirring molten iron with long rods, making production of soft, malleable wrought iron cheaper. | 37 | |
| 16304469342 | Thomas Newcomen | English developer of the steam engine to pump water from mines in 1704. | 38 | |
| 16304498900 | James Watt | Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical power source for industry and transportation. The electric watt's named after him. | 39 | |
| 16304547331 | Henry Bessemer | Developed Bessemer process in 1856, bringing forth "Age of Steel". | 40 | |
| 16325524371 | Robert Fulton | Invented the steamboat in 1807 | 41 | |
| 16325566475 | Samuel Morse | Invented the telegraph using dots and dashes to communicate a message over long distances | 42 | |
| 16325586064 | Adam Smith | Wrote Wealth of Nations; promoted Laissez-Faire; "Father of Economics";Claimed "invisible hand" of capitalism would lead individuals to work for their individual and therefore community good | 43 | |
| 16325684757 | Thomas Malthus | 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population, predicted population growth would outpace food supply and poor would starve and the only option was to have fewer children. His predictions didn't come true: food supply grew faster than the population | 44 | |
| 16325732787 | David Ricardo | "Iron Law of Wages."- When wages are high, workers have more children which create large labor surplus that depresses wages. | 45 | |
| 16325766456 | Jeremy Bentham | Society's goal is greatest good for the greatest number. There's a role to play for government intervention to provide social safety net. His body was, preserved and displayed at University College London upon request. | 46 | |
| 16325896399 | Karl Marx | German socialist who invented communism, wrote Das Kapital and Communist Manifesto | 47 | |
| 16325818537 | Karl Marx Location Frustration | Forced to leave Prussia for writing articles attacking their government, relocated to France where he was labeled a radical. | 48 | |
| 16325871053 | Karl Marx Quotes | "Religion is the opium of the people"; "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs"; "Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains"; "The state will wither away" | 49 | |
| 16325929440 | Robert Owen | Utopian socialist who set up a model community in New Lanark around his textile mill. Offered improved working conditions, decreased hours, shared profits with employee. | 50 | |
| 16325988204 | Claude Henri de Saint-Simon | French socialist philosopher believing humans are naturally greedy, needing to be corrected through education. Advocated ending inheritance. | 51 | |
| 16326063259 | Mary Wollstonecraft | 52 | ||
| 16326067033 | Muhammad Ali | 53 | ||
| 16326071375 | Factory Act of 1833 | Prohibited employment of childern under 9 in textile mills and limited working hours for kids. | 54 | |
| 16326103718 | Mines Act of 1842 | Prohibited employment of omen and boys under 10 underground | 55 | |
| 16326131770 | Communist Manifesto | Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, urges worker uprising and abolition of private property. Proletarians must violently overthrow bourgeoisie | 56 | |
| 16326136213 | Das Kapital | 57 | ||
| 16326136214 | Wealth of Nations | 58 | ||
| 16326143455 | Essay on the Principle of Population | 59 | ||
| 16326143456 | The People's Charter | 60 | ||
| 16326152490 | Vindication of the Rights of Women | 61 | ||
| 16353918811 | Key Causes of Industrial Revolution | Steam engines, mechanization of factory manufacturing, and innovations in transportation and communication | 62 | |
| 16353931111 | Why did Britain Lead Start of Industrial Revolution? | Had capital to invest from Commercial Revolution; had vast resources and markets from many colonies; had lots of laborers; had lots of ports for trade; had merchant marine for shipping; | 63 | |
| 16431123754 | Keys to Agricultural Revolution's Success? | Technological improvements/tools, open-field system, little food surplus | 64 | |
| 16431156468 | Why/How Population Changed During Industrial Revolution | More manufacturing led to Earth supporting more people and population urbanized, overall increase throughout | 65 | |
| 16431177630 | Industrial Revolution's Societal Problems | Child labor, centralization of wealth to bourgeoisie, laborers mistreated (extreme working hours, danger), environmental pollution, jobs replaced with tech, war became more advanced/deadly | 66 | |
| 16431202923 | Iron and Coal's Industrial Revolution Role? | Coal was used to power new machines, such as steam engines. Many of these were made of and/or used iron as a material. | 67 | |
| 16431215426 | Factory Conditions | Abusive hours, many children present, dangerous work, minimal pay, repetitive, specific jobs | 68 | |
| 16431231095 | Product Being Made Affects Workers | Cotton work was painful and prickly due to the plant | 69 | |
| 16438668653 | Issues of Rural Britain | Farm machinery cost them their jobs, forcing them to migrate to urban areas | 70 | |
| 16438728388 | Mass Production and Cost Relation | Mass production allows lots of identical products to be created cheaply | 71 | |
| 16438816824 | Robert Owen's "Utopian Society" | Socialist society in New Lanark, Scotland, revolving around work in his textile mill, which offered improved working conditions, decreased hours, shared profits with employees, proved Socialism could be profitable | 72 | |
| 16438920587 | Telegraph's Impact | Improved communication, | 73 | |
| 16438926370 | Railroad's Impact on Trade and Human Interaction | 74 | ||
| 16438942497 | Industrialization's Impact on UK and European Cities | 75 | ||
| 16438955202 | Major Laissez-Faire Criticism | 76 | ||
| 16438959595 | Major Laissez-Faire Advantages | 77 | ||
| 16438975225 | Egypt's Attempted Resistance Against Negative European Economic Effects | 78 | ||
| 16438985125 | India and China's Trade Change During Europe's Industrialization | 79 | ||
| 16438991592 | Pros and Cons of Labor Saving Machines | 80 | ||
| 16438991593 | Enlightenment | 18th century European philosophical movement done scientifically, fostering the belief that reforming society was possible by creating rational laws that governed social behavior | 81 | |
| 16439023111 | Enlightened Monarchs | Used merit selection, national regal systems, and modernized tax systems. Examples: Charles III of Spain, Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia. | 82 | |
| 16439235763 | Declaration of Independence | Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state from its mother country, Britain, leading to the American Revolution, inspiring several revolutions, most others failed. | 83 | |
| 16439276796 | Continental Congress | 84 | ||
| 16439366397 | Articles of Confederation | First US constitution, failed to enforce requirements of Paris Treaty and gave states too much power | 85 | |
| 16439390545 | Estates General | French parliament-like class structure of the clergy, nobility, and commoners, giving each one vote. Clergy and nobility abused this, collaborating to give themselves power without giving commoners a say, leading to French Revolution and National Assembly | 86 | |
| 16439440622 | National Assembly | French government replacing estates general, made by third estate who took over to try to establish a Republic | 87 | |
| 16442620401 | Bastille | King Louis XVI's prison fortress, was raided on July 14th 1789 by the revolting mob to get weapons from inside. The event created French holiday, Bastille Day | 88 | |
| 16442704466 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution which asserted the sovereignty of the people and rights of "Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité" | 89 | |
| 16442748400 | Declaration's Rights Explained | 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. 2. The aim of all government is preservation of natural rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. 3. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. | 90 | |
| 16442811933 | Article 5 of Rights Declaration | Anything that is not forbidden by law may not be prevented, and none may be compelled to do what the law does not require | 91 | |
| 16442823450 | Tennis Court Oath | National Assembly's vow to unite until France's constitution is established with firm foundations | 92 | |
| 16442855318 | Women's March on Versailles | Thousands of starving lower-class women and peasants stormed Versailles demanding bread, forced Louis to flee to Paris | 93 | |
| 16443170362 | Sans-Culottes | Radical left-wing partisans of lower classes, typically urban laborers, which dominated the French army despite being ill-equipped. Translates to "without pants", which really means "without fancy pants" | 94 | |
| 16443232462 | Reign of Terror | (1793-1794) Beginning with Queen Marie Antoinette's execution, then revolutionaries began executing all who remotely opposed the revolutionary government, including commoners. In total about 30,000 died. Led by Robespierre. | 95 | |
| 16443304642 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | Amidst a French economic crisis, National Assembly confiscated/sold church property for money, reorganized church to limit its power/influence, and clergy force to swear loyalty to France > Pope | 96 | |
| 16443370621 | Jacobins | 97 | ||
| 16443374251 | Guillotine | Machine invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotin for more humane execution. During pinnacle of its use, in Paris alone, 1200 executed during 3 month period. | 98 | |
| 16443410426 | Declaration of Pillnitz | Countries agree to support Louis XVI, opening possibility of foreign intervention | 99 | |
| 16443453137 | The National Convention | French government of meeting of party delegates, first in 1792, featuring 2 groups, Jacobins and Girondins. Abolished monarchy, made France a Republic. | 100 | |
| 16443494737 | The Committee of Public Safety | 101 |
