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| 141053744 | crisis of legitimacy | dispute over who had authority to rule | |
| 141053745 | Junta Central | Created by Spanish patriots fighting against the French (around 1808) to administer the areas they controlled. Most Spaniards viewed it as temporary patriotic institution created to govern Spain while king was French prisoner. Claimed the right to exercise king's powers over Spain's colonies. Some colonies, however, did not view this as a legitimate authority and rebelled. | |
| 141053746 | landowning creoles | upperclass, led overthrow of Venezuelan and Bolivian colonial governments. | |
| 141053747 | Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623) Created Gran Colombia | |
| 141053748 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | |
| 141053749 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru | |
| 141053750 | Ferdinand VII | conservative leader, he declared Mexico independent of Spain, became its emperor in response to the liberal reforms | |
| 141053751 | Jose Maria Morelos | Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626) | |
| 141053752 | Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla | Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. | |
| 141053753 | Iturbide | Mexican soldier and revolutionary: as Agustín I, emperor of Mexico | |
| 141053754 | Pedro I | son and successor of Joao VI in brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor | |
| 141053755 | Confederation of 1867 | Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627) | |
| 141053756 | Election of 1824 | John Quincy Adams won after Henry Clay gave his support to Adams, securing his Presidency. When Adams appointed Clay as his secretary of state, Jackson's supporters raged that a corrupt bargain had cheated Jackson of presidency. | |
| 141053757 | Personalist leaders | Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jose Antonio Paez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. | |
| 141053758 | Mexico | Spain's richest and most populated colony. | |
| 141053759 | Mexico and Brazil | retained monarchy |
