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| 8791288778 | Louis XIV, France (1638-1715) | -king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (used palace to exert political control; housed 1000's of important people= nobility grew dependent upon King) -epitomized Absolutism in Europe; expanded role of Intendants (bureaucrats that reported directly to the king) |  | 0 |
| 8791288779 | Philip II, Spain (1527-98) | -King of Spain and a devout Catholic.;under his reign, Spain became a world power, he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization -Sused the Inquisition to enforce religious orthodoxy -sent a massive fleet of ships against England in 1588, the Spanish Armada (English won, which weakened Spain and began England's rise to naval dominance) |  | 1 |
| 8791288780 | Ivan the III (the Great) (1440-1505) | -Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow (the "3rd Rome") the center of a new Russian state with a central government |  | 2 |
| 8791288781 | Ivan the IV (the Terrible) (1530-84) | -defeated the Mongols and added a great deal to the kingdom; known as terrible for his treatment of boyars (the hereditary nobility in Muscovy, possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe) as he abused, killed, and/or transplanted them and then replaced them with others who were loyal to him; creating a centralized government structure -killed his son, wiping out his dynasty which led to the "Time of Troubles": a decade long civil war where boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 |  | 3 |
| 8791288782 | Peter the Great (1672-1725) | -ruled from 1689 to 1725 -Made Russia a military and naval power using European technology; defeated the Swedes, took their Baltic territories, and created a "Window to the West" (St. Petersburg) -Enforced economic, educational, administrative, military, and social reform focused on imitation of western Europe |  | 4 |
| 8791288783 | Catherine the Great (1729-1796) | -German born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule;maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry, entrenching serfdom -continued Peter's Westernization of Russia & economic development, created a new law code, greatly expanded Russia; influenced by French philosophes; promoted education and the Enlightenment among the elite |  | 5 |
| 8791288784 | Henry VIII (1491-1547) | -Tudor monarch of England who ruled with absolute power; infamous for his six wives; Act of Supremacy made him head of Church of England (Anglican); split from Catholic Church due to divorce dispute |  | 6 |
| 8791288785 | Elizabeth I (1533-1603) | -Queen of England, helped make England a world power, promoted exploration & colonization of the Americas -supported the northern Protestant cause as a safeguard against Spain attacking England; reestablished Protestantism in England after "Bloody Mary" |  | 7 |
| 8791288786 | English Civil War | -Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; fought between Parliamentary forces and those loyal to Charles I -Charles I forced to sign the Petition of Right, 1628 (challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land); executed in 1649 -Oliver Cromwell led the parliamentary army then established a Puritanical military dictatorship |  | 8 |
| 8791288787 | The Restoration (1660) | -the British monarchy is restored under Charles II, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism |  | 9 |
| 8791288788 | Glorious Revolution (1688) | -revolution against James II that helped bring power to William and Mary; Parliament gained control with no bloodshed -led to the creation of the English Bill of Rights (declared the right and liberties of the people, an early example for later democracies, limited the power of the monarchy) and a Constitutional Monarchy |  | 10 |
| 8791288789 | Machiavelli (1469-1527) | -an Italian humanist; his writing reflected the unstability of Italy, author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; most important writer on politics in the Renaissance; said that the state existed for its own sake, ruler should be concerned with preservation of power, ends justified means. -had a profound impact on political leaders throughout the modern west |  | 11 |
| 8791288790 | Medici family | -Banking family -Controlled politics & culture of Florence, patrons of the arts -Held power between 1434-1494 |  | 12 |
| 8791288791 | Thirty Years' War (1618-48) | -Religious War in Europe, balance of power and politics takes priority, death rates comparable to those of WWII -Results: Catholic Church weakened, Reduced role of church in European politics; Germany/Spain weakened...FRANCE stronger; destroyed German Economy, agricultural loss - land was destroyed = Inflation created a "new serfdom" in eastern Europe; Germany's separate states will hinder trade and progress for many years, not fully unite until 1870; creation of Modern States and the idea of Balance of Power - ended by Treaty of Westphalia: vaildated the Peace of Augsburg (1555, gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state ), split HRE into 300+ Principalities - No ONE central government; ruler of each state could determine its official religion, Netherlands received its independence |  | 13 |
| 8791288792 | Henry IV • Edict of Nantes | -Bourbon king, who ruled with absolute power; Ended Spanish interference and religious wars in France; Converted to Catholicism (did this to compromise and make peace "Paris is worth a mass."), an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations] -Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: granted religious rights to Huguenots, not grant religious freedom for all Assassinated by a Catholic |  | 14 |
| 8791288793 | Humanism | -the scholarly interest in the study of classical texts, values and styles of Greece and Rome; Humanism contributed to the promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history -Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment |  | 15 |
| 8791288794 | John Calvin (1509-64 | -French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer, deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America (Puritans); Calvinism had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots -Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state. |  | 16 |
| 8791288795 | Johannes Kepler | -astronomer who theorized that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy |  | 17 |
| 8791288796 | Galileo | -Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist; his telescopes proved the sun is the center of the solar system, supporting for Copernicanism. -conflict with the Roman Catholic Church who placed him under house arrest, disagreement between the science and church community. |  | 18 |
| 8791288797 | Isaac Newton | -English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. |  | 19 |
| 8791288798 | Rene Descartes | -French mathematician, philosopher, and scientist who is considered the father of analytic geometry and the founder of modern rationalism. His main works, Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) and Principles of Philosophy (1644), include the famous dictum "I think, therefore I am." |  | 20 |
| 8791288799 | Francis Bacon | -English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author; influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution; introduction of inductive thinking regarding science. |  | 21 |
| 8791288800 | Copernicus (1473-1543) | -Polish astronomer who published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres." Refuted the theory of a geocentric universe in favor of a heliocentric one -his findings were published after his death, the Church disagreed with his propositions, and contributed to the start of the Scientific Revolution |  | 22 |
| 8791288801 | Shakespeare (1564-1616) | -English poet and dramatist; considered one of the greatest English writers; contributed to the English language, wrote in the vernacular |  | 23 |
| 8791288802 | Cervantes (1547-1616) | -Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form; main character did not like how the Middle Ages were ending and people were becoming more materialistic; written the vernacular |  | 24 |
| 8791288803 | John Locke (1632-1704) | -Wrote "Two Treatises on Government" as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England; argued that man is born good and has natural rights to life, liberty, and property; to protect these rights, people enter Social Contract to create government with limited powers. believed the people have the right to revolt if government did not protect these rights -influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution & criticism of absolute monarchy in France -wrote in response to Hobbes |  | 25 |
| 8791288804 | Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) | -English father of modern political philosophy, who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of humans - wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society -hought that all people should have equal rights and nobody should have more power over anyone else (except the king) |  | 26 |
| 8791288805 | Catholic Reformation | -internal reform of the Catholic Church thanks especially to the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption (sale of indulgences abolished), and put a new emphasis on education (Jesuit schools expanded scope of church worldwide) and accountability. -No compromise between Catholicism, Protestantism -Ignatius Loyola organized the Jesuits like a military body, with discipline and strict obedience |  | 27 |
| 8791288806 | Protestant Reformation | -transition in Christian faith in Europe, dividing church into two main branches, Catholic and Protestant people saved by faith; initiated by Martin Luther in 1517 with the 95 Theses (95 complaints against the Catholic Church) -Luther opposed the wealth and corruption of the papacy (sale of indulgences: $ for salvation) and believed hat salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works |  | 28 |
| 8791288807 | Michelangelo (1475-1564) | -painter, sculptor, architect, and poet from Florence, a true "Renaissance Man," works include: "The Creation of Man", the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and sculptures ("David", "La Pieta") |  | 29 |
| 8791288808 | Brunelleschi | -Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; built first dome over Cathedral of Florence -helped with perspective (approximate representation, on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye; objects are smaller as their distance from the observer increases |  | 30 |
| 8791288809 | da Vinci (1452-1519) | -painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist from Florence, experimented with new techniques and perspectives, "The Last Supper" and the "Mona Lisa" -was the archetype of the "Renaissance Man"; major proponent of humanism, "Vetruvian Man" was perhaps his most important contribution to the development of that movement, in addition to providing a depiction of man in conformity with the scientific precision he clearly valued. |  | 31 |
| 8791288810 | Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1395-c. 1468) | -inventor of the printing press (c 1455), which allowed books to be printed quickly and economically; printed several copies of the Bible; his innovation aided the spread of Renaissance and Reformation ideas throughout Europe |  | 32 |
| 8791288811 | Raphael (1483-1520) | -artist of Italy's High Renaissance and one of the greatest influences in the history of Western art; created the large-scale fresco "The School of Athens", as well as other decorative work at the Vatican; his work is often cited for its harmony and balance of composition -influence on other artists came during the late 1600s to the late 1800s during which time his perfect sense of balance and decorum were highly admired. |  | 33 |
| 8791288812 | Martin Luther (1483-1546) | -1517, writes 95 Theses criticizing Roman Catholic church practices, particularly the selling of indulgences (preferential pardons for charitable donors) - his ideas are rapidly reproduced with new printing technology and quickly spread through Europe. -Excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520 - Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) summons him to Diet (assembly) of Worms to force him to recant. He doesn't. -1520s-1530s dissent spread throughout Germany and Switzerland | 34 |
