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| 6052581635 | Age of Revolution | Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 | 0 | |
| 6052581636 | Albert Einstein | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. | 1 | |
| 6052581637 | American Civil War | 1861-1865: War between North (union states) and South (confederate states) over slavery and succeeding. | 2 | |
| 6052581638 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | 3 | |
| 6052581639 | Balkan Nationalism | Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I. | 4 | |
| 6052581640 | Benjamin Disraeli | A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846. | 5 | |
| 6052581641 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. | 6 | |
| 6052581642 | Chartist Movement | Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed | 7 | |
| 6052581643 | Congress of Vienna | Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. | 8 | |
| 6052581644 | Conservatism | A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes. | 9 | |
| 6052581645 | Count Camillo di Cavour | Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of Northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king. | 10 | |
| 6052581646 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens | 11 | |
| 6052581647 | Factory System | This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories. | 12 | |
| 6052581648 | Feminist Movement | Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s. | 13 | |
| 6052581649 | French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. | 14 | |
| 6052581650 | French Revolution of 1830 | Banquet was held to discuss ideas, but the government banned it à revolt for UMS and a new constitution. Workers revolted also when the National Workshops were close | 15 | |
| 6052581651 | French Revolution of 1848 | Banquet was held to discuss ideas, but the government banned it à revolt for UMS and a new constitution. Workers revolted also when the National Workshops were close | 16 | |
| 6052581652 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. | 17 | |
| 6052581653 | Guillotine | device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading | 18 | |
| 6052581654 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. | 19 | |
| 6052581655 | Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s | 20 | |
| 6052581656 | James Watt | invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. | 21 | |
| 6052581657 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | 22 | |
| 6052581658 | Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. | 23 | |
| 6052581659 | Louis Pasteur | French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895) | 24 | |
| 6052581660 | Louis XVI | King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | 25 | |
| 6052581661 | Luddites | Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment. | 26 | |
| 6052581662 | Mass Leisure Culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports. | 27 | |
| 6052581663 | Napoleon Bonaparte | (1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena. | 28 | |
| 6052581664 | Nationalism | A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals. | 29 | |
| 6052581665 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) | 30 | |
| 6052581666 | Population Revolution | Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent. | 31 | |
| 6052581667 | Proto-Industrialization | preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. | 32 | |
| 6052581668 | Radicals | those who favor extreme change | 33 | |
| 6052581669 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Gave vote to all men who paid ten pounds in rent a year; eliminated the rotten boroughs | 34 | |
| 6052581670 | Revisionism | Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions. | 35 | |
| 6052581671 | Revolutions of 1848 | Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. | 36 | |
| 6052581672 | Romanticism | 19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 37 | |
| 6052581673 | Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference | 38 | |
| 6052581674 | Social Question | Issues relating to repressed classes in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women, became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 | 39 | |
| 6052581675 | Socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. | 40 | |
| 6052581676 | Transformismo | Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo. | 41 | |
| 6052581677 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. | 42 |
