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| 8190570082 | Martin Luther | in October 1517 denounced the church's sale of indulgence in the Ninety- Five Theses; said "I cannot and will not recant anything...God help me. Amen." | 0 | |
| 8190570083 | John Calvin | Initiated a Reformation in France, converted to Christianity 1530's, organized a Protestant community, Geneva, and worked with local officials to impose a strict code of morality and discipline on the city. Composed the "Institutes of the Christian Religion" | 1 | |
| 8190573884 | Henry VIII | wanted to divorce wife so he severed relations with the Roman church and made himself Supreme Head of the Anglican church, his reformation in England was much more politically driven than Luther's | 2 | |
| 8190573885 | Ignatius Loyola | founded the Society of Jesus in 1540, believed people needed advanced education | 3 | |
| 8190576677 | Philip II | Spainish King who attempted to force England to return to the Roman Catholic church by sendin the Spanish Armada to dethrone the Protestant Queen Elizabeth | 4 | |
| 8190582145 | Elizabeth I | Protestant Queen of England when the Spanish armada arrived | 5 | |
| 8190584351 | Charles V | tried and failed to reestablish the Holy Roman Empire,Inherited authority over the Habsburgs, duchy of Burgundy, and Spain NOT: Frequent invasions by England | 6 | |
| 8190584352 | Louis XIV | known as "l'etat c'est moi" which means the Sun King, palace at Versailles, NOT: An attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government | 7 | |
| 8190587658 | Fernando and Isabel | founded the Spanish Inquistion in 1478, and they obtained papal license to operate the institution as a royal agency | 8 | |
| 8190587659 | Charles I | ended the English Civil War in 1649 with his trial and decapitation | 9 | |
| 8190590893 | Cardinal Richelieu | the church official architect of French Absolutism who served as cheif minister to King Louis | 10 | |
| 8190590894 | Catherine the Great | the most able of Peter's successors, worked to improve Russia, social reform cooled after rebellion by soldier Pugachev | 11 | |
| 8190593666 | Kepler | demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular as in Ptolemaic theory | 12 | |
| 8190593667 | Adam Smith | the most important of the early apostles if capitalism, believed that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests | 13 | |
| 8190596251 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who in 1532 published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres", argued that the sun stood in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it | 14 | |
| 8190596252 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician who wrote "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, believed a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe | 15 | |
| 8190599099 | Indulgences | a type of pardon that excused individuals from doing penance for their sins and thus facilitated their entry into heaven | 16 | |
| 8190599100 | Geneva | John Calvin's model Protestant community | 17 | |
| 8190602074 | Council of Trent | institution that was important for defining the Catholic Reformation and advancing its goals | 18 | |
| 8190602075 | Thirty years' war | the most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century | 19 | |
| 8190604636 | Witch-hunting | caused by tensions between Roman Catholics and Protestants, 85% women | 20 | |
| 8190604637 | States with constitutional governments | England and the Netherlands | 21 | |
| 8190608038 | Versailles | King Louis' residence, all prominent nobles lived there | 22 | |
| 8190608039 | War after the Peace of Westphalia | The wars of Louis XIV and the Seven Years' War | 23 | |
| 8190611552 | Balance of Power | the principal foundation of European diplomacy in early modern times, rulers didn't want states dominating the others | 24 | |
| 8190611553 | Population in 1800 | 180 million | 25 | |
| 8190615883 | Putting-out system | The system by which unfinished materials were delivered to rural households for production, represented an early effort to organize efficient industrial production | 26 | |
| 8190615884 | Notion of progress | believed that natural science would lead to greater human control over the world while rational sciences of human affairs would lead to individual freedom and the construction of a prosperous, just, and equitable society | 27 |
