Terms : Hide Images
| 13405710938 | Triple Alliance | - The alliance of 1882 committed Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy to unite in their defense against France. | 0 | |
| 13405712903 | Triple Entente | - By 1907, a loose confederation of Great Britain, France, and Russia stood opposed to the Triple Alliance. | 1 | |
| 13405716089 | Militarism | - A policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War 1. | 2 | |
| 13405721464 | Conscription | - A military draft. | 3 | |
| 13405727056 | Archduke Franz Ferdinand | - On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, Francis Ferdinand, was assassinated in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. | 4 | |
| 13405732068 | Black Hand | - A Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom. | 5 | |
| 13405747363 | Nationalism | - A sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community -- a "nation" -- that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty. | 6 | |
| 13405763753 | Blank Check | - Emperor William II and his chancellor responded with the infamous "blank check," their assurance that assurance that Austria-Hungary could rely on Germany's "full support." | 7 | |
| 13405797806 | Tsar Nicholas II | - The last Russian emperor (1894-1917), who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. | 8 | |
| 13405808151 | The Schlieffen Plan | - A plan for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of France before Russia could become effective in the east or before the British could cross the English Channel to help France. | 9 | |
| 13406065053 | trench warefare | - Warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed wire; characteristic of World War I. | 10 | |
| 13406587627 | Verdun | - In ten months at Verdun in 1916, 700,000 men lost their lives over a few miles of terrain. | 11 | |
| 13406591758 | no-man's land | - Troops lived in holes in the ground, separated from each other by a "no-man's land." | 12 | |
| 13409730460 | Total War | - Warfare in which all of a nation's resources, including civilians at home and soldiers in the field, are mobilized for the war effort. | 13 | |
| 13409786644 | Lusitania | - The German sinking of passenger liners, especially the British ship Lusitania on May 7, 1915, when more than a hundred Americans lost their lives, forced the German government to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in September 1915 to avoid further antagonizing the Americans. | 14 | |
| 13410408137 | war communism | - Lenin's policy of nationalizing industrial and other facilities and requisitioning the peasants' produce during the civil war in Russia. | 15 | |
| 13414604561 | The First Battle of the Marne | - The German advance was halted only 20 miles from Paris at the First Battle of Marne (September 6-10). - The war quickly turned into a stalemate as neither the Germans nor the French could dislodge the other from the trenches they had begun to dig for shelter. | 16 | |
| 13414610164 | Battles of Tannenberg | - The Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at the Battles of Tannenberg on August 26-30 and the Masurian Lakes on September 15. - The Russians were no longer a threat to German territory. | 17 | |
| 13414618153 | T.E. Lawrence | - In the middle East, the British officer T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935), who came to be known as Lawrence of Arabia, incited Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords in 1916. | 18 | |
| 13414663866 | zeppelins | - The Germans used their giant airships to bomb London and Easter England. - They were filled with hydrogen gas, quickly became raging infernos when hit by antiaircraft guns. | 19 | |
| 13414667583 | D.O.R.A. | - British Parliament passed the Defense of the Realm Act (DORA), which allowed the public authorities to arrest dissenters as traitors. | 20 | |
| 13414672332 | Rasputin | - A Siberian peasant whom the tsarina regarded as a holy man because he alone seemed able to stop the bleeding of her hemophiliac son, Alexis. - His influence made him a power behind the throne, and he did not hesitate to interfere in government affairs. - They assassinated Rasputin in December 1916. | 21 | |
| 13414672333 | Duma | - Legislative body, which the tsar had tried to dissolve, met anyway and on March 12 declared that it was assuming governmental responsibility. | 22 | |
| 13414675384 | Soviets | - councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies formed throughout Russia in 1917; played an important role in the Bolshevik Revolution. | 23 | |
| 13414680015 | Marxist Social Democratic Party | - Formed in 1898 but divided into two factions known as the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. | 24 | |
| 13414688743 | Vladimir Ulianov/Lenin | - The Bolsheviks were a small faction of Russian Social Democrats who had come under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov (1870-1924). - Trained as a lawyer, he had earlier turned into a dedicated enemy of tsarist Russia when his older brother was executed for planning to assassinate the tsar. - Under Lenin's direction, the Bolsheviks became a party dedicated to violent revolution. | 25 | |
| 13414688744 | Leon Trotsky | - A fervid revolutionary (1877-1940) , as chairman of the Petrograd soviet, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were in a position to seize power in the name of the soviets. | 26 | |
| 13414695095 | Council of People's Commissars | - The night of November 8, Lenin announced the new Soviet government, the Council of People's Commissars, with himself as its head. | 27 | |
| 13414699827 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | - On March 3, 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest Litovsk with Germany and gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, and the Baltic provinces. | 28 | |
| 13414701870 | Cheka | - A new Red secret police, known as the Cheka, instituted the Red Terror, aimed at nothing less than the destruction of all opponents of the new regime. | 29 | |
| 13414933181 | Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck | - In east Africa, he managed to keep his African troops fighting one campaign after another for four years; he did not surrender until two weeks after the armistice ended the war in Europe. | 30 | |
| 13415015107 | Tanks | - Tanks were introduced to Europe in 1916. - The first tank, a British model, used caterpillar tracks, which enabled it to move across rough terrain. - In 1918, the first introduction of the British Mark V model, that tanks had more powerful engines and greater maneuverability. | 31 | |
| 13416660107 | Erich von Ludendorff | - The victory over Russia persuaded Ludendorff (1865-1937), who guided the German military operations, and most German leaders to make one final military gamble- a grand offensive attack was launched in March and lasted into July. | 32 | |
| 13415272918 | Alexander Kerensky | - The Provisional Government, which came to be led in July by Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970), decided to carry on the war to preserve Russia's honor-- a major blunder because it satisfied neither the workers nor the peasants, who above all wanted an end to the war. | 33 | |
| 13416753614 | William II | - He capitulated to public pressure and abdicated on November 9. | 34 | |
| 13416938034 | Friedrich Ebert | - The Socialist, under Ebert (1871-1925) announced the establishment of a republic. | 35 | |
| 13417352977 | The Peace Settlement | - In January 1919, the delegations of 27 Allied nations gathered in Paris to conclude a final settlement of the Great War. | 36 | |
| 13417436148 | Woodrow Wilson | - Wilson's proposals for a truly just and lasting peace included "open covenants of peace, openly arrived at" instead of secret diplomacy; the reduction of national armaments to a "point consistent with domestic safety"; and the self-determination of people so that "all well-defined national aspirations shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction." | 37 | |
| 13418266866 | David Lloyd George | - Prime minister of Great Britain, he (1863-1945) had won a decisive electoral victory in December 1918 on a platform of making the Germans pay for this dreadful war. | 38 | |
| 13418298785 | Geoges Clemenceau | - He (1841-1929) was the feisty premier of France who had led his country to victory, the French people had borne the brunt of the German aggression. | 39 | |
| 13418333797 | Allied Powers | - Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States | 40 | |
| 13418345785 | Central Powers | - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. | 41 | |
| 13418728513 | League of Nations | - Wilson was determined to create a "league of nations" to prevent future wars. - Wilson's wish that the creation of an international peacekeeping organization be the first order of business was granted, and on January 25, 1919, the conference adopted the principle of the League of Nations. | 42 | |
| 13418874609 | Treaty of Versailles | - The final peace settlement consisted of five separate treaties with the defeated nations: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. | 43 | |
| 13419016731 | War Guilt Clause | - the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared Germany (and Austria) responsible for starting World War I and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allies had suffered as a result of the war. | 44 | |
| 13419449926 | reparations | - payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I. | 45 | |
| 13419575835 | mandates | - a system established after World War I whereby a nation officially administered a territory (mandate) on behalf of the League of Nations. Thus, France administered Lebanon and Syria as mandates, and Britain administered Iraq and Palestine. | 46 | |
| 13419742489 | Oswald Spengler | - In The Decline of the West, the German writer, Spengler (1880-1936), reflected this disillusionment when he emphasized the decadence of Western Civilization and posited its collapse. | 47 | |
| 13420134490 | The French Policy of Coercion | - This tough policy (1919-1924) toward Germany began with the issue of the reparations payments that the Germans were supposed to make to compensate for war damage. - The French government sent troops to occupy the Ruhr valley. | 48 | |
| 13420218935 | The Hopeful Years | - In August 1924, an international commission produced a new plan for reparations. | 49 | |
| 13420262116 | The Dawes Plan | - Named after the American banker who chaired the commission, reduced reparations and stabilized Germany's payments on the basis of its ability to pay. | 50 | |
| 13420446507 | Treaty of Locarno | This guaranteed Germany's new eastern borders with France and Belgium. | 51 | |
| 13420481789 | Gustav Stresemann | - The foreign ministers of Germany and France, Stresemann and Aristide Briand, fostered a spirit of international cooperation by concluding the Treaty of Locarno in 1925. | 52 | |
| 13420511971 | Aristide Briand | - The foreign ministers of Germany and France, Gustav Stresemann and Briand, fostered a spirit of international cooperation by concluding the Treaty of Locarno in 1925. | 53 | |
| 13420637129 | The Great Depression | - Reparations and war debts had severely damaged the postwar international economy, making the prosperity that did occur between 1924-1929 exceedingly fragile and the dream of returning to the liberal ideal of a self-regulating market economy merely an illusion. | 54 | |
| 13421210282 | John Maynard Keynes | - He published his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936. - He condemned the traditional view that in a free economy, depressions should be left to work themselves out. | 55 | |
| 13421217905 | deficit spending | - the concept, developed by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s, that in times of economic depression, governments should stimulate demand by hiring people to do public works, such as building highways, even if this increases the public debt. | 56 | |
| 13421415149 | Paul von Hindenburg | - A World War I army commander was elected president at the age of 27. He was a traditional military man, monarchist sentiment, who at heart was not in favor of the republic he had been elected to serve. | 57 | |
| 13421466156 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | - FDR (1882-1945), was able to win a landslide electoral victory in 1932. - He and his advisers pursued a policy of active government intervention in the economy with a stepped-up program of public works that came to be known as the New Deal. | 58 | |
| 13421505077 | The Works Progress Administration (WPA) | - A government organization established in 1935, employed 2 to 3 million people building bridges, roads, post offices, and airports. | 59 | |
| 13421563194 | Weimar Republic | - After the imperial Germany of William II had come to an end in 1918 with Germany's defeat in World War I, a German democratic state known as the Weimar Republic was established. | 60 | |
| 13421620903 | New Deal | - the reform program implemented by President Franklin Roosevelt in the 1930s, which included large public works projects and the introduction of Social Security. | 61 | |
| 13421883936 | New Economic Policy | - a modified version of the old capitalist system introduced in the Soviet Union by Lenin in 1921 to revive the economy after the the ravages of the civil war and war communism. | 62 | |
| 13421948233 | Alexandra Kollontai | - She had become a supporter of the revolutionary socialism while in exile in Switzerland, took the lead in pushing a Bolshevik program for women's rights and social welfare reforms. | 63 | |
| 13422012565 | Zhenotdel | - Kollontai was also instrumental in establishing an agency within the Communist Party known as Zhenotdel that sent men and women to all parts of the Russian Empire to explain the new social order. | 64 | |
| 13422237367 | Joseph Stalin | - He led the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until 1953 as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier. | 65 | |
| 13422315438 | Theodor van de Velde | Dutch physician who published Ideal Marriage: Its physiology and Technique. - He described female and male anatomy, discussed birth control techniques, and glorified sexual pleasure in marriage. | 66 | |
| 13422422787 | Dadaism | - an artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s by artist who were revolted by the senseless slaughter of World War I and used their "anti-art" to express contempt for the Western tradition. | 67 | |
| 13422470333 | Tristan Tzara | - A Romanian-French poet and one of the founders of Dadaism. | 68 | |
| 13422514293 | Hannah Hoch | - In her hands, Dada became and instrument to comment on women's roles in the new mass culture. | 69 | |
| 13422541027 | Surrealism | - an artistic movement that arose between World War I and World War II. Surrealist portrayed recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships in order to reveal the world of the unconscious. | 70 |
