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| 6009753698 | Martin Luther | Had some serious beef with the RCC because of sale of indulgences and the RCC corruption. Nailed 95 theses to church door. |  | 0 |
| 6010015942 | Pope Leo X | Excommunicated Martin Luther in 1520 | 1 | |
| 6010053136 | Charles V | Summoned Luther to an assembly of imperial authorities and demanded that he recant his views. | 2 | |
| 6010358860 | Protestant Reformation | A movement started by Martin Luther that lead to the splitting of the RCC and became lead to the dominant Protestant/Lutheran religion in Europe mainly Germany | 3 | |
| 6030824960 | Absolute monarchs | Historians called rulers this because they put a lot of power into their own hands | 4 | |
| 6030824961 | Christian missionaries | Spread faith from Mediterranean basin to all of Europe and lead to a common religion between different peoples | 5 | |
| 6030824974 | King Henry VIII | Was denied right to divorce his wife by the church and he severed relations to the RCC and make/became leader of Anglican Church and lead to England leaving RC community | 6 | |
| 6031021692 | Anglican Church | Made by/ lead by King Henry VIII | 7 | |
| 6031021693 | John Calvin | Became Protestant and fleas France to Geneva and formed a Protestant community. Codified Protestant teachings | 8 | |
| 6031021694 | Institutes of the Christian religion | Codified Protestant teachings and presented them as a organized package | 9 | |
| 6031021695 | Calvinist missionaries | Spread around France and later more of Europe. Established Protestant Churches | 10 | |
| 6031224710 | Catholic Reformation | RCC response to Protestant Reformation in which they defined the key differences between the two, and the formation of the Council of Trent and the Society of Jesus | 11 | |
| 6031224711 | The Council of Trent | Assesmbly of high church officials and addresses matters of doctrine, reform, abuses, and morality. | 12 | |
| 6031224712 | Society of Jesus | Sought to extend the RC. Founded by St. Ignatius Loyola. | 13 | |
| 6031281690 | St. Ignatius Loyola | Retired soldier founded Society of Jesus. He believed that Jesuits had to have high education, knowledge in theology, philosophy, languages, literature, history, and science | 14 | |
| 6031568215 | Jesuits | Missionaries from the society of Jesus who have high discipline and education | 15 | |
| 6031568216 | Theologians | People who believe that witches made agreements with the devil to worship him in return for supernatural powers. They sought to kill witches. | 16 | |
| 6031671201 | Witch-Hunting | Lead to the killing of many women and men who Where blamed and killed for uncommon natural occurrences. | 17 | |
| 6014048103 | Printing Press | Introduced to Europe from China; *advanced the ideas & texts of the Reformation throughout Europe* | 18 | |
| 6014054737 | Indulgence | Type of *pardon* that excuses individuals from doing penance for their sins; facilitates entry to heaven | 19 | |
| 6023919192 | Ptolemaic Universe | The idea of a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow, concentric spheres that revolved around it; first 7 spheres included the sun, moon, and planets. 8th sphere held stars, and the ninth is an empty sphere that provides spin for everything within it | 20 | |
| 6024001769 | The Copernican Universe | Argued that the sun was the center of the universe rather than the earth; all of the the planets, including the earth, revolved around the sun | 21 | |
| 6024001770 | Johannes Kepler | Demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular as in the Ptolemaic theory | 22 | |
| 6024001771 | Galileo Galielei | Used the telescope and reported his observations; noticed spots on the sun and mountains on the moon (disproved the notion that heavenly bodies were smooth, unchanging spheres); noticed moons orbiting Jupiter and contributed to the understanding of terrestrial motion | 23 | |
| 6024001772 | Isaac Newton | Argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe (basically discovered gravity); outlined his views in an epoch-making volume of 1687 entitled "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" | 24 | |
| 6024001773 | John Locke | Sought to identify the principles of psychology and argued that all humans knowledge comes from sense perceptions; idea of natural rights: 1. Life 2. Liberty 3. Property | 25 | |
| 6024001774 | Adam Smith | Held that laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace; free economy | 26 | |
| 6024083223 | Voltaire | Championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies in published writings; waged a literary campaign against the Roman Catholic Church, which he held responsible for fanaticism, intolerance, and human suffering | 27 | |
| 6024083224 | Deism | Believed in the existence of a god, but denied supernatural teachings of Christianity; a powerful god set the universe in motion but did not take interest in its development or intervene in its affairs | 28 | |
| 6024001775 | Baron de Montesquieu | Sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state; created the idea of checks and balances and separation of powers | 29 | |
| 6029635517 | The Spanish Inquisition | Originally set out to expel those who secretly practiced Islam/Judiasm; Charles V gave the responsibility of detecting protestant heresy in Spain; inspired witch hunts; investigated cases of heresy and went to brutal lengths to punish those found guilty of practicing the protestant faith. | 30 | |
| 6029635518 | Constitutional States | Countries that gave the government limited power and recognized the rights of the individual; did not have constitutions!; favored merchants and capitalism | 31 | |
| 6029635519 | Absolutism | Form of government in which a kind that wields "divine right" to rule garners all the power and we're considered "God's lieutenants upon earth;" relied on support from nobles | 32 | |
| 6029635520 | King Louis XIV | "The Sun King;" built versailles and ruled France | 33 | |
| 6029635521 | Versailles | Lavish hunting lodge built with the purpose of providing lodging to nobles as a ploy to keep them from interfering on King Louis XIV's plans for ruling France | 34 | |
| 6029730168 | The Peace of Westphalia | Agreement made between countries that fought in the Thirty Years War that laid the foundation for sovereign states by recognizing each participating country as its own and equal country; entrusted each country to take care of political and diplomatic affairs in acts of self-interest; DID NOT bring an end to the war | 35 | |
| 6029730169 | The Balance of Power | When one sovereign state begins to gain too much power, the rest form a coalition against it to prevent the construction of an empire and protect the idea of the sovereign states | 36 | |
| 6031044401 | The Yakut | mounted a revolt against Russian oppression in 1642 and experienced brutal retribution which forced many of them out of their settlements | 37 | |
| 6029730170 | Capitalism | Free market economy that involves little-to-no government interference and encourages competition | 38 | |
| 6029730171 | Potatoes | American food crop brought to Europe through the Columbian Exchange that provided a rich source of carbs and starch, alternative to bread, for peasants and laborers |  | 39 |
| 6030860033 | Poland-Lithuania | in 1569 this turned into a dual republican state with separate administrative and legal systems, but ruled with an elected king and parliament; roman catholic; eventually became too unstable to mediate conflicts leaving it vulnerable | 40 | |
| 6030910277 | Russia & Ukraine VS Poland | Bogdan Khmelnitsky united peasant of Ukraine with Russia against Polish rulers; war lasted 13 years and ended with a partition of Ukraine and Kiev returning to the empire it served as a capital city for | 41 | |
| 6030927742 | Partition of Poland | Poland became unstable due to poor parliament operation; this lead to Russia, Austria, and Prussia to partition the land | 42 | |
| 6030987202 | Georgia | a vibrant multiethnic region which attracted Russian imperialists; they were othodox christians who feared the Ottoman Turks and sought a Russian protectorate | 43 | |
| 6031011364 | Siberia | Russia established small fortified settlements here to obtain fur; some people readily accepted Russian items in exchange for furs but some did not | 44 | |
| 6031736846 | Spanish Armada | huge fleet of ships sent by King Phillip II [of Spain] to dethrone (Protestant) Queen Elizabeth and attempt to *force England to the Roman Catholic church* | 45 | |
| 6031776992 | Thirty Years' War | culmination of the religious wars going on at the time; opened when the Holy Roman emperor *tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Rom. Catholic faith*; political AND *SOCIAL* (bc it was religious) | 46 | |
| 6031903484 | Siberia | Used by Russia as an immense prison, a place for exiles like Avvakum, and later as a site for labor camps. Russia to Siberia as Britain to Australia | 47 | |
| 6031903485 | Vitus Bering | Dutch mariner commissioned by Russia to look for northeast passage to Asia | 48 | |
| 6031903486 | Muscovite Agricultural Society | Russia was huge but had no people- mainly agricultural, women had more power then usual | 49 | |
| 6031903487 | Serfdom | Tight conditions due to Catherine's relation with Nobles- could not move unless moving to newly conquered regions, could be sold | 50 | |
| 6031903488 | Law code of 1649 | Established a rigid castelike social order on serfs that restricted occupational and geographical mobility. Children registered as parents occupation; benefits nobles | 51 | |
| 6032183756 | Patriarch Nikon | Patriarch of moscow and the spiritual head of Russian Orthodox church. Established schools and academies that offered instruction in languages | 52 | |
| 6032218767 | Avvakum | Founder of the Old Belief | 53 | |
| 6031929647 | Russian merchants | Outnumbered by foreign merchants who brought great trade to Russia- were disgruntled | 54 | |
| 6030827430 | Pugachev's revolution | A series of rebellions formed by cossacks, exiles, peasants, and serfs that sought to end taxes, government supervision, and the military draft. They demanded the right to posses their own land and elect their own leaders. | 55 | |
| 6031831048 | United Provinces | created when modern-day Netherlands gained their independence from Spain | 56 | |
| 6043557433 | Industrial development | Remarkable despite lack of cities and shortage of labor, Peter the great | 57 | |
| 6043557434 | Decree of 1721 | Allowed factory owners to purchase serfs from landowners- encouraged industrialization | 58 | |
| 6032232118 | Old Belief | A doctrine of Christianity that did not agree with Nikons ideas and went for a more traditional practice. THey blamed serfdom on outsiders. Also called tax collectors followers of Antichrist | 59 | |
| 6032260412 | Intelligentsia | An intellectual class created through Catherine the Greats encouragement of Enlightenment. Had no legal status but were recognized as an unofficial state .The main way that they communicated was with "Thicc Journals" that held the latest news of science philosophy and arts. | 60 | |
| 6032510556 | Supply and Demand | system that says that as demand for goods/services goes up, prices go down and supply goes up | 61 | |
| 6032510557 | The Putting-Out system | In an attempt to sidestep craft guilds and gain more profit due to higher production, capitalist entrepreneurs moved production to the countryside; entrepreneurs paid laborers for services and transported the goods to be sold directly on the market | 62 | |
| 6032539198 | The Nuclear Family | Affection between parents and children and larger extended families; i.e. Mom, Dad, and 2.5 kids | 63 | |
| 6032666523 | Russian Civil War | war after Ivan died; caused famine upon Russia and allowed Poland and Sweden to invade | 64 | |
| 6032717569 | Peter I | tsar of Russia from 1682-1725; greatly appreciated modern science; traveled "incognito" throughout europe to learn about western european technology and military; enforced westernization; reformed army by offering better pay to peasants | 65 | |
| 6032738287 | Table of Ranks | established by Peter I; permitted officials to move along 14 steps according to merit | 66 | |
| 6032746035 | terem | russian equivalent of a harem; kept upper-class women secluded from men outside their own families and encouraged social mixing of the sexes in towns and cities | 67 | |
| 6032754444 | St. Petersburg | a new capital city that Peter I ordered the construction of; cost many serfs lives; transferred many government offices to this city | 68 | |
| 6032762651 | Catherine II | continued to pursue Peter's policy of westernization; appointed officials with a western european-style education; organized Russia into 50 administrative provinces; infatuated with philosophers of enlightenment; restricted punishments landowners could inflict on their serfs | 69 | |
| 6037822441 | Ivan III | first tsar of Russia; fashioned Moscow into a powerful state & was inspired by the Byzantine Empire in the way he ruled ex. ruled as head of state AND as head of the church | 70 | |
| 6039410861 | Novgorod | prosperous trading city that was a hub for fur trade & a member of the Hanseatic League; Ivan III took over so it's wealth would not strengthen neighboring states | 71 | |
| 6039410862 | cossacks | peasants that Ivan III recruited to settle in recently conquered lands & spread Russian influence | 72 | |
| 6039410863 | tsar | Russian term for the word caesar to signify his imperial status | 73 | |
| 6039410864 | boyars | the elite military aristocracy of Russia (similar to Samurai in Japan) who resisted the absorption of the | 74 | |
| 6391535725 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote the book, The Prince that dictated that rulers should act without a conscience and that they need to use whatever in order to rule a nation and keep it running | 75 | |
| 6391690446 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | Idea of popular sovereignty: government should be decision of the society as a group and not just an individual | 76 | |
| 6391727509 | johannes gutenberg | printing press-> mass production of the bible | 77 | |
| 6391745422 | invisible hand | Adam Smith's term used to describe the idea that an individuals efforts will help society benefit as a whole | 78 | |
| 6391799496 | laissez-faire | idea that government should stay away from private matters like in economy | 79 | |
| 6391808365 | capitalism | Nation's wealth depends on money and trade with other nations | 80 | |
| 6391822461 | mercantilism | Being a merchant; making own goods or services for sale in the market in order to make a profit | 81 |
