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| 12752612413 | Fukuzawa Yukichi | (1835-1901) Japanese writer, teacher, political theorist, and founder of Keio Academy (now Keio University). His ideas about learning, government, and society greatly influenced the Meiji Restoration. Considered one of the founders of modern Japan. | 0 | |
| 12752612414 | Opium Wars | In the first Opium War (1839-1842), Britain invaded the Qing empire to force China to open to trade. In the second Opium War (1856-1860), an Anglo-French force once again invaded to enforce the unequal treaties that resulted from the first war and extract further concessions. | 1 | |
| 12752617190 | Treaty of Nanjing | (1842) One-sided treaty that concluded the first Opium War. Britain was allowed to trade in additional Chinese ports and took control of Hong Kong. The provision for extraterritoriality meant that Britons were subject to British rather than Chinese law. | 2 | |
| 12752617191 | Taiping Rebellion | (1850-1864) Massive rebellion against the Qing led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ come to earth to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace." The imperial system was greatly weakened as a result of the uprising. | 3 | |
| 12752621813 | Self-Strengthening Movement | Nineteenth-century Chinese reform movement with the motto "Confucian ethics, Western science." Advocates of Self-Strengthening sought a way to reconcile Western and Chinese systems of thought. | 4 | |
| 12752621814 | Empress Ci Xi | (1835-1908) The "Dowager Empress" who dominated Qing politics in the late nineteenth century, ruling as regent for the emperor Guangxu. She blocked the Hundred Days' Reforms and other "Self-Strengthening" measures. | 5 | |
| 12752621815 | Boxer Rebellion | (1898) Chinese uprising triggered by a secret society called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, a fiercely anti-Western group. Intended to drive out Westerners, it resulted instead in foreign occupation of Beijing. | 6 | |
| 12752626010 | Commodore Matthew Perry | (1794-1858) American naval officer and diplomat whose 1853 visit to Japan opened that country's trade to the United States and other Western countries. | 7 | |
| 12752626011 | Meiji Restoration | (1868) A dramatic revolution in Japan that overthrew the Tokugawa, restored national authority to the emperor, and put the country on a path of political and economic reform under the slogans "Revere the Emperor" and "Expel the Barbarians." Meiji industrialization turned Japan into a major world power. | 8 | |
| 12752626012 | zaibatsu | Large corporations that developed the Japanese industrial economy in close cooperation with the imperial government. | 9 | |
| 12752632780 | Toshiko Kishida | (1863-1901) An early Japanese feminist who urged that as part of the Meiji reforms, women should have equal access to modern education and be allowed to take part in public affairs. | 10 | |
| 12752632781 | Sino-Japanese War | (1894-1895) A war caused by a rivalry over the Korean peninsula; ended with a one-sided treaty that favored Japan, which obtained treaty rights in China as well as control of Korea and Taiwan. | 11 | |
| 12752632782 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-1905) War caused by territorial disputes in Manchuria and Korea. Japan's defeat of Russia was the first victory by an Asian military power over a European one in the industrial age. | 12 | |
| 12752636704 | Rammohun Roy | (1772-1833) Bengali reformer and religious philosopher who opposed the caste system, polygamy, the prohibition of widow remarriage, the lack of education for common people, and discrimination against women. | 13 | |
| 12752636705 | Indian Revolt of 1857 | Revolt of Indian soldiers against British officers when they were required to use greased ammunition cartridges they suspected were being used to pollute them and cause them to convert to Christianity. The revolt spread across north India. | 14 | |
| 12752640017 | Indian National Congress | (1885) Formed by wealthy, Western-educated Indians to advance the cause of Indian involvement in their own governance. In the twentieth century, it would become the vehicle for India's independence under the leadership of Mohandas K. Gandhi. | 15 | |
| 12752640018 | Gopal K Gokhale | (1866-1915) Indian political leader, social reformer, and advocate of Indian self-government achieved through negotiation. | 16 | |
| 12752643450 | Bal Gangadhar Tilak | (1856-1920) Indian nationalist who demanded immediate independence from Britain, mobilizing Hindu religious symbolism to develop a mass following and arguing that violence was an acceptable tactic for anticolonial partisans. | 17 | |
| 12752647765 | Partition of Bengal | (1905) A British partition of the wealthy northeastern Indian province of Bengal for administrative expediency; became a touch-point of anticolonial agitation. | 18 | |
| 12752710566 | Pauline Johnson-Tekahionwake | (1861-1913) Canadian poet of mixed English and Mohawk ancestry. | 19 | |
| 12752710567 | responsible government | Nineteenth-century constitutional arrangement in North America that allowed colonies to achieve dominion status within the British empire and elect parliaments responsible for internal affairs. The British appointed governors as their sovereign's representative and retained control of foreign policy. | 20 | |
| 12752714835 | Confederation of Canada | (1867) Confederation of former British colonies united under a single federal constitution. Recognized under the British North America Act, the confederation was a dominion within the British empire. | 21 | |
| 12752714836 | Canadian Pacific Railway | (1881-1885) The railway's completion led to the transcontinental integration of Canada and opened Canada's Great Plains to European settlement. | 22 | |
| 12752714837 | Andrew Jackson | (in office 1829-1837) The seventh president of the United States after first serving in the military as general and in Congress as senator; a symbol of the expansion of voting rights and an aggressive advocate of westward expansion. | 23 | |
| 12752718653 | Abraham Lincoln | (in office 1861-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States and the country's first Republican president. His election on an antislavery platform led eleven states to secede from the Union, plunging the country into the American Civil War. | 24 | |
| 12752718654 | Reconstruction | (1865-1877) Period immediately after the American Civil War during which the federal government took control of the former Confederate states and oversaw enforcement of constitutional provisions guaranteeing civil rights for freed slaves. | 25 | |
| 12752718655 | Gilded Age | Period of economic prosperity in the United States in the last two decades of the nineteenth century, when the opulence displayed by the wealthy masked the poverty, political corruption, and unsafe living and occupational conditions for the working class. | 26 | |
| 12752722801 | Benito Juarez | (1806-1872) Mexican statesman and politician who was intermittently president of Mexico during the 1860s and 1870s and leader of La Reforma. His liberal principles were enshrined in the Constitution of 1857. | 27 | |
| 12752722802 | Porfirio Diaz | (1830-1915) President of Mexico during much of the last half of the nineteenth century and during the first decade of the twentieth century. While he ignored Mexican civil liberties, Diáz developed infrastructure and provided much-needed stability. | 28 | |
| 12752727988 | War of the Pacific | (1879) War among Bolivia, Peru, and Chile over the natural resources of the Pacific coast. Chile emerged victorious, gaining international prestige, while Bolivia's loss made it a poor, landlocked country. | 29 | |
| 12752727989 | Yucatan Rebellion | (1847) Maya uprising on Mexico's Yucatan peninsula, challenging the authority of the Mexican government and local landowners. Some Maya communities defended their sovereignty into the 1890s. | 30 | |
| 12752732059 | Indian Removal Act | (1830) Legislation leading to the dispossession of Amerindian peoples in the southeastern United States. Thousands of Cherokee were killed when forcibly marched to Oklahoma along the "Trail of Tears." | 31 | |
| 12752732060 | Sitting Bull | (ca. 1831-1890) Sioux chieftain who led Amerindian resistance to white settlement of the Black Hills. After defeating the U.S. cavalry and Lieutenant Colonel George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, he was killed in 1890 for failing to stop his people from participating in the Ghost Dance Movement. | 32 | |
| 12752737655 | Metis Rebellions | (1867 and 1885) Rebellions by the metis of the Red River Valley settlement in Manitoba, a group with mixed French-Amerindian ancestry that resisted incorporation into the Canadian Confederation. In 1885 their leader, Louis Riel, again led them in rebellion against Canadian authority. | 33 |
