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| 3694327192 | Martin Luther | He attacked Roman Catholic Church's practice of indulgences and demanded change be made to the church. He was excommunicated by the church and it began a new form of Protestant Christianity. | 0 | |
| 3694327195 | Ninety‐Five Theses | Published by Martin Luther consisting of problems he thinks the church has in corruption. One of the things mentioned is indulgences. | 1 | |
| 3694327197 | The Protestant Reformation | The splintering of the Catholic church after Martin Luther published his works about the corruption of the church. Many supporters resented the politics of the Catholic church. Princes who embraced Protestant Christianity had reasons due to personal conviction but also out of desire to increase their power base. | 2 | |
| 3694327201 | John Calvin | He codified the Protestant teachings and present them as a coherent and organized package. He went to Geneva from France and made a model of a Protestant community as well as a missionary center. | 3 | |
| 3694327206 | The Catholic Reformation | Meant to point out the differences between the Roman Catholic doctrine and the Protestant Doctrine. This was also intended to persuade Protestants to return to the Catholic Church and to deepen the sense of spirituality and religious commitment in their own community. | 4 | |
| 3694327209 | The Council of Trent | Church attempted to change itself and fix issues that were within the church. One of the changes made was to make the church observe strict standards of morality. | 5 | |
| 3694327211 | St. Ignatius Loyola | Started the Society of Jesus. Members need to have complete a rigorous and advanced education. They were most prominently as missionaries for Roman Catholic outside of Europe and they often served a counselor for kings and rulers. | 6 | |
| 3694327214 | Witch‐hunting | Witchcraft was blamed for any bad events that happened and people would be tried for the problems. Most convicted people were women (some men) and most of those are people who had little protection such as women that are poor, old, single, or widowed. | 7 | |
| 3694327217 | The Thirty Years War | Conflict that began by religious conflict within Europe. | 8 | |
| 3694327218 | Charles V | Inherited large holdings within Europe and had the potential for reestablishing the "Holy Roman Empire". But imperial fragmentation, foreign challenges, and lack of proper administration prevented this from happening. | 9 | |
| 3694327221 | The Habsburgs | The family from which Charles V came from. The family held extensive dynastic holdings in Australia as well having the rights to lands in Europe and beyond (from marriage alliances). | 10 | |
| 3694327223 | Ottoman Turks | Allied with the French against Charles V in fear of that Charles will threaten their holdings. Conquered Hungary 1526 and laid siege to Vienna 3 years later. | 11 | |
| 3694327225 | Henry VIII | Set the stages of protestant England by leaving the Catholic church and becoming protestant because the Church wouldn't let him divorce his wife. | 12 | |
| 3694327227 | Louis XI | 'the Prudent' (R. 1461-1483) King of France | 13 | |
| 3694327228 | Fernando and Isabel | Founded the Spanish inquisition. They are the "new monarchs" of Spain. | 14 | |
| 3694327229 | The Spanish Inquisition | The movement founded by Fernando and Isabel that was originally meant to weed out the jews and muslims in the country but later became a way to weed out non‐Catholics. | 15 | |
| 3694327231 | The English Civil War | Marked the end of constitutional government in this area after political and religious disputes. The king was implementing new taxes without consulting the Parliament and religious disputes fanned the flames. The kings ended up beheaded. | 16 | |
| 3694327234 | The Glorious Revolution | A near bloodless conflict that put Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange to rule in cooperation with the parliament. This was the second major conflict between the King and the parliament. | 17 | |
| 3694327239 | Absolute Monarchy | Power was strictly with the monarchs. Held by the theory the divine rights of the Kings so that their authority from God is to serve as his lieutenants on Earth. | 18 | |
| 3694327241 | The Sun King | Also known as King Louis XIV. He built a magnificent holding in Versailles and invited all the prominent nobles to reside at the court so that they won't oppose his absolute monarchy. | 19 | |
| 3694327243 | The Romanov Dynasty | Russian Dynasty ruled by Czars of a tightly centralized government functions. | 20 | |
| 3694327244 | Ivan the Terrible | 21 | ||
| 3694327245 | Peter the Great | Sought to make Russia like Europe. He incorporated favorable aspects after his travel to Europe. By the European standards, his manners were crude. He set off a series of reforms including military as well as the need to shave off people's beard. | 22 | |
| 3694327248 | St. Petersburg | Russian seaport and capital built in 1703 by Peter the Great. Hosted Russia's new navy. | 23 | |
| 3694327249 | Catherine II | A successor of Peter the Great. She sought to make Russia a great power and worked to improve government efficiency by dividing up the empire into 50 administrative provinces and promoted Russia's economic towns. She also worked on social reforms until people began to challenge her rule because of it. | 24 | |
| 3694327253 | The Pugachev Rebellion | Rebellion against Catherine II that killed thousands of noble landowners and government officials before the uprising was crushed. | 25 | |
| 3694327255 | Peace of Westphalia | Established after the Thirty Year's War. The treaty that laid out the foundations for a system of independent competing states. The states who participated regarded each of themselves as independent and sovereign. Did not end wars in Europe. | 26 | |
| 3694327258 | Balance of Power | Weaker European states ally themselves with one another to match the power of the extremely powerful one. This prevented statesmen from building up power. | 27 | |
| 3694327260 | Capitalism | An economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities. Could be individuals or large companies. | 28 | |
| 3694327263 | Joint stock companies | Large trading companies that spread the risk of business enterprises and usually took advantage of the extensive communication and transportation networks. | 29 | |
| 3694327265 | Urbanization | The putting out system gave wealth to the countryside greatly influencing Western Europe with increasingly changing urban life. | 30 | |
| 3694327267 | Putting out system | Production system that gave unfinished products to rural households who in turn manufactures it into finished products later to be used for sale. | 31 | |
| 3694327271 | Serfdom | In Eastern Europe, people were tied to the land and became virtually like slaves. Landlords made all decision for the serfs and were even sold interchangeably in Western Europe. | 32 | |
| 3694327273 | The Enlightenment | The reconception of the universe and beliefs were made through observations and mathematical reasoning. Religious authorities lost power in this time period. | 33 | |
| 3694327275 | Ptolemy | Philosopher that thought the Earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around it in perfect circular path with heaven's somewhere above all of this. | 34 | |
| 3694327277 | Copernicus | Countered Ptolemy's theory that the Earth was the center of the universe. He claimed that the Sun was the center of the universe and everything revolved around it. | 35 | |
| 3694327279 | The Scientific Revolution | The reconception of science based off of logic and reasoning rather than religious beliefs and doctrines. One of the many things was the refuting of Ptolemy's universe. | 36 | |
| 3694327281 | Galileo Galilei | Invented the telescope and showed that the heavens were not perfect like ptolemy thought. He also contributed to the understanding of terrestrial motion. | 37 | |
| 3694327283 | Issac Newton | Made a synthesis of astronomy and mechanics through accurate observations and mathematical reasoning. Made the embodiment of the universal laws of gravitation. | 38 | |
| 3694327285 | Voltaire | He sponsored individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies. | 39 | |
| 3694327287 | Deism | The belief in a supernatural being, a creator, but denies the superstitious beliefs of the Christian doctrine. Thought the world was made to be set into motion by itself through a series of laws without divine interference. | 40 | |
| 3694327290 | The Theory of Progress | Belief that mankind will keep progressing. Natural science would lead to the greater progression of control over the natural world and individual freedom. | 41 |
