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| 12780496052 | Industrial Revolution | A period during the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power, making it more economical to manufacture goods in factories than at home. | 0 | |
| 12780496053 | Age of Revolution | Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848. | 1 | |
| 12780496054 | Population revolution | Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia by 100 percent. | 2 | |
| 12780496055 | proto-industrialization | Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution | 3 | |
| 12780496056 | American Revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America | 4 | |
| 12780496057 | French Revolution | The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790's, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799. | 5 | |
| 12780496058 | Louis XVI | King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed, Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette were executed in 1793. | 6 | |
| 12780496059 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | One of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defining a set of individual rights and collective rights of all of the estates as one. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights were universal: they are supposed to be valid in all times and places, pertaining to human nature itself. | 7 | |
| 12780496060 | guillotine | Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror. | 8 | |
| 12780496061 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 9 | |
| 12780496062 | Congress of Vienna | The Quadruple Alliance met to discuss the Balance of Power. Great Britain got to have their conquered colonies, Austria got Venetia and Lombardy and Polis lands, and Prussia and Russia were compensated. | 10 | |
| 12780496063 | conservatives | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advanced restoration of monarchy and defense of Church | 11 | |
| 12780496064 | liberals | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. | 12 | |
| 12780496065 | radicals | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes | 13 | |
| 12780496066 | socialism | Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man. | 14 | |
| 12780496067 | nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. | 15 | |
| 12780496068 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. | 16 | |
| 12780496069 | French Revolution of 1830 | Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. | 17 | |
| 12780496070 | Belgian Revolution of 1830 | produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy. | 18 | |
| 12780496071 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. | 19 | |
| 12780496072 | James Watt | British engineer and inventor who made fundamental improvements in the steam engine (1736-1819) | 20 | |
| 12780496073 | factory system | a building or a group of buildings in which goods are manufactured; a plant | 21 | |
| 12780496074 | Luddites | one who opposes technical or technological change; group that rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery that they thought would diminish employment | 22 | |
| 12780496075 | Charist movement | Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the reform bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed. | 23 | |
| 12780496076 | French Revolution of 1848 | Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850. | 24 | |
| 12780496077 | Revolutions of 1848 | Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. | 25 | |
| 12780496078 | Louis Pasteur | French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895) | 26 | |
| 12780496079 | Benjamin Disraeli | A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party | 27 | |
| 12780496080 | Count Camillo di Cavour | Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont. | 28 | |
| 12780496081 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the German Empire. | 29 | |
| 12780496082 | American Civil War (1861-1865) | Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South. | 30 | |
| 12780496083 | transformismo/trasformiso | Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo. | 31 | |
| 12780496084 | social question | Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. | 32 | |
| 12780496085 | Karl Marx | German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship. | 33 | |
| 12780496086 | revisionism | Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions. | 34 | |
| 12780496087 | feminist movement | Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960's. | 35 | |
| 12780496088 | mass leisure culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports. | 36 | |
| 12780496089 | Charles Darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. | 37 | |
| 12780496090 | Albert Einstein | 1879-1955. German born theoretical physicist. Best known for his theory of relativity and his theory of energy equivalence. Received Noble Prize in 1921 for physics. | 38 | |
| 12780496091 | Sigmund Freud | Leading psychologist of the twentieth century. Assumed that a single, unified conscious mind processed sense experiences in a rational and logical way. Analyzed dreams and hysteria. Believed that rational thinking and traditional moral values will repress sexual desires too effectively, causing guilt and neurotic fears. | 39 | |
| 12780496092 | romanticism | Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 40 | |
| 12780496093 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. | 41 | |
| 12780496094 | Triple Entente | A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. | 42 | |
| 12780496095 | Balkan nationalism | Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I. | 43 |
