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| 2518090359 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 0 | |
| 2518090360 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807, aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy, topped by Janissaries in 1807 | 1 | |
| 2518090361 | Mahmud II | Ottoman sultan who lived from 1785 to 1839, hoult a private, professional army, fermented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army, destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies, initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents | 2 | |
| 2518090362 | Tanzimat reforms | Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876, established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms, resulted in the creation of a new constitution in 1876 | 3 | |
| 2518090363 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during his reign from 1878 to 1908, nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties, deposed in coup in 1908 | 4 | |
| 2518090364 | Ottoman Society for Union and Progress | Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid, also called the "Young Turks", desired to restore 1876 constitution | 5 | |
| 2518090365 | Murad | Head of the coalition of Malmuk rulers in Egypt, opposed Napoleonic invasions of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat, failure destroyed Malmuk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core | 6 | |
| 2518090366 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following the fall of the Malmuks, established mastery of all Egypt in 1811, introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms, by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople, died in 1848 | 7 | |
| 2518090367 | khedives | Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867, formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until over thrown by military coup in 1952 | 8 | |
| 2518090368 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Read Sea in 1869, financed by European investors with increasing indebtedness to knedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment | 9 | |
| 2518090369 | al-Afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century, stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry | 10 | |
| 2518090370 | Muhammad Abduh | Disciple of al-Afghani, Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century, stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry | 11 | |
| 2518090371 | Ahmad Arabi | Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced Khedival regime to call in British forces for support | 12 | |
| 2518090372 | Khartoum | River town that was the administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan | 13 | |
| 2518090373 | Muhammad Ahmad | Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood, claimed descent from the prophet Muhammad, proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels, launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities | 14 | |
| 2518090374 | Mahdi | In the Sufi belief system, a promised delivery, also the name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of the 19th century revolt against the Egyptians and British in Sudan | 15 | |
| 2518090375 | Khalifa Abdallahi | Succesor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of the Mahdists in in Sudan, established state in Sudan, defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598 | 16 | |
| 2518090376 | Nurhaci | Architect of Manchu unity, create distinctive Manchu banner armies, controlled most of Manchuria, adopted Chines bureaucracy and most ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing | 17 | |
| 2518090377 | banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags, created by Nurhaci in the early 17th century, utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish the Qing dynasty | 18 | |
| 2518090378 | Qing | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in the mid-17th century after the decline of the Ming, forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south | 19 | |
| 2518090379 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722, established a high degree of Sinification among the Manchus | 20 | |
| 2518090380 | compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty, specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast, one of the major links between China and the outside world | 21 | |
| 2518090381 | Opium War | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839, fought to protect British trade in opium, resulted in a resounding British victory and the opening of Hong Kong as a British port of trade | 22 | |
| 2518090382 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China, ordered a blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium, sent into exile following the Opium War | 23 | |
| 2518090383 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s, led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet, sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry | 24 | |
| 2518090384 | Hong Xiuquan | Leader of the Taiping Rebellion, concerts to a specifically Chinese form of Christianity, attacked traditional Confucian teachings of the Chinese elite, lived from 1812 to 1864 | 25 | |
| 2518090385 | Zeng Guofan | Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on Northern China | 26 | |
| 2518090386 | self-strengthening government | Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West, led by provincial leaders | 27 | |
| 2518090387 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty, supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Weaterners | 28 | |
| 2518090388 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China, failed because of intervention of armies of Western poses in China, defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials | 29 | |
| 2518090389 | Sun Yat-sen | Head of the Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China, briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912, creates the Nationalist part of China (Guomindang) in 1919, died in 1925 | 30 | |
| 2518090390 | Puyi | Last emperor of China, deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912 | 31 |
