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| 13431917779 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804. | 0 | |
| 13431929813 | Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed. | 1 | |
| 13431934727 | Augustin Iturbide | Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821. | 2 | |
| 13431940200 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. | 3 | |
| 13431940201 | Gran Colombia | Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations. | 4 | |
| 13431946710 | José de San Martín | Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru. | 5 | |
| 13431951868 | João VI | Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire. | 6 | |
| 13431951869 | Pedro I | Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor. | 7 | |
| 13431956771 | Andrés Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. | 8 | |
| 13431956772 | Caudillos | Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government. | 9 | |
| 13431964929 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians. | 10 | |
| 13431964930 | Federalists | Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians. | 11 | |
| 13431973198 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires: took power in 1831: commanded loyalty of gauchos: restored a local autonomy | 12 | |
| 13431981074 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835. | 13 | |
| 13431981075 | Monroe Doctrine | United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act. | 14 | |
| 13431985061 | Guano | Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880. | 15 | |
| 13431988150 | Positivism | A philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Comte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society. | 16 | |
| 13431988151 | Auguste Comte | 19th-century French philosopher; founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society. | 17 | |
| 13431991373 | Manifest Destiny | Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific. | 18 | |
| 13431991374 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory. | 19 | |
| 13431996638 | Benito Juarez | Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872 | 20 | |
| 13431996639 | La Reforma | Name of Juárez's liberal revolution. | 21 | |
| 13432004072 | Maximillian von Habsburg | Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867. | 22 | |
| 13432009999 | Gauchos | Mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region. | 23 | |
| 13432010000 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists. | 24 | |
| 13432013748 | Domingo F. Sarmiento | Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation. | 25 | |
| 13432013749 | Fazendas | Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery. | 26 | |
| 13432018957 | Cientificos | Advisors to Díaz's government who were influenced strongly by positivist ideas. | 27 | |
| 13432018958 | Spanish American War | Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean. | 28 | |
| 13432024387 | Panama Canal | The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus. | 29 |
