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| 13574128833 | Thomas Edison (pg. 726) | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures; in 1879 he developed an incandescent lamp well suited to lighting small rooms; in 1882, he created the world's first electrical distribution network in New York City; used a direct current | 0 | |
| 13574128834 | Nicola Tesla | A Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system; | 1 | |
| 13574128835 | Emmeline Pankhurst (pg. 732) | A British political activist and helper of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote; leader of the British suffragette movement | 2 | |
| 13574128836 | Karl Marx (pg. 734) | German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894); saw history as a long series of clashes between social classes. The latest iteration of this, in his judgment, was the struggle between the new industrial working class and the wealthy few; his theories provided an intellectual framework for general dissatisfaction with unregulated industrial capitalism; believed that is private property was abolished the resources of government and industry could be harnessed to end poverty and injustice | 3 | |
| 13574128837 | Mikhail Bakunin (pg. 735) | Anarchist who believed all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation; Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar; argued that peasants and other exploited groups also had revolutionary potential; argued for immediate, violent revolution. | 4 | |
| 13574128838 | Liberalism in the 19th century (pg. 736) | The revolutionary middle class ideology that emerged from the French Revolution, asserted the sovereignty of the people, and demanded constitutional government, a national parliament, and freedom of expression; popular among the property-owning middle classes of Europe and North America; in the 1860s nationalism was associated with this | 5 | |
| 13574128839 | Camilo di Cavour (pg. 736) | Prime Minister of Sardinia in 1852. Working to expand the power of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and using careful diplomacy, making smart alliances, and being clever, he managed to unite all of Italy; saw the rivalry between Austria and France as an opportunity to unify Italy and formed an alliance with France and went to war with Austria in 1858; with the help of France, they pushed the Austrians out of northern Italy | 6 | |
| 13574128840 | Giuseppe Garibaldi (pg. 737) | Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860; made a more radical attempt to unify; In the south, he led a revolutionary army in 1860 that defeated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; prepared to find a democratic republic but Cavour, a royalist, transformed the Piedmont-Sardinia into a new kingdom of Italy | 7 | |
| 13574128841 | 1870 Papal States join Italy (pg. 736-737) | The unification of Italy was completed when this happened; the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia expanded and took control of these states and Venetia | 8 | |
| 13574128842 | Otto von Bismarck (pg. 738) | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire; was determined to make Prussia the dominant power in Germany; achieved the unification of Germany through a combination of diplomacy and the Franco-Prussian War. Victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War completed the unification of Germany, but it also resulted in German control over the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and thus in the long-term enmity between France and Germany. | 9 | |
| 13574128843 | Matthew Perry (pg. 738, 723) | A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might; his modern, well-armed fleet and a series of threatening military maneuvers made the Japanese agree to end the exclusion policies that had kept the nation isolated for two and a half centuries; on July 8, 1853: he became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that kept Japan isolated; his visit to Japan also served to introduce a compelling array of the Industrial Revolution's triumphs, such as a railroad, telegraph line, etc. | 10 | |
| 13574128844 | Treaty of Kanagawa 1854 (pg. 738-739) | (1854) trade treaty between Japan and the United States opening up two Japanese ports to U.S. trade; signed in response to a show of force by U.S. admiral Matthew Perry | 11 | |
| 13574128845 | Meiji Restoration (pg. 740) | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism; oligarchs were willing to change their institutions and their society to help transform their country into a world-class industrial and military power. The Japanese learned industrial and military technology, science, engineering, and new educational systems | 12 | |
| 13574128846 | Franco-Prussian War (pg. 742, 738) | Otto von Bismarck achieved the unification of Germany through a combination of diplomacy and the Franco-Prussian War. Victory over France in this war completed the unification of Germany, but it also resulted in German control over the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine and thus in the long-term enmity between France and Germany; This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany); this made France more liberal | 13 | |
| 13574128847 | Zaibatsu (pg. 742) | Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan; | 14 | |
| 13574128848 | Social Darwinism and Herbert Spencer (pg. 743) | Charles Darwin challenged previous religious beliefs by saying that the earth is much older than previously believed; he proposed that all forms of life had evolved or have become extinct—Herbert Spencer, a philosopher, took his ideas of "natural selection" and "survival of the fittest" and applied them to human society; he used it to to justify European conquest of foreign nations and the social and gender hierarchies of western society (Social Darwinism) | 15 | |
| 13574128849 | Taiping Rebellion (pg. 746, 648) | 1850-1864; a Christian inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire; Hong Xiuquan, the founder who came from the Hakka background, saw himself as the younger brother of Jesus and he needed to drive the Qing out of China; the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace or Taiping movement; The Taiping forces defeated imperial troops in Guangxi, recruited (or forced) villagers into their segregated male and female battalions and work teams, and moved toward eastern and northern China. In 1853, the Taiping forces captured Nanjing and made it the capital of their Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace; one of the world's bloodiest civil wars and the greatest armed conflict before the twentieth century | 16 | |
| 13574128850 | Empress Dowager Cixi (pg. 746, 654) | Empress of China and mother of emperor Guangxi and she put her son under house arrest, supported anti foreign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces; she opposed railways and any other foreign technology | 17 | |
| 13574128851 | Boxer Rebellion (pg. 747) | In 1900 a Chinese secret society, the Righteous Fists, rose up with the encouragement of the Empress Dowager Cixi and attacked foreigners and their establishments. In the western press they were known as "boxers" | 18 |
