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| 108667931 | Nurhaci | architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing | 0 | |
| 108667932 | Banner Armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty | 1 | |
| 108667933 | Qing | Manchu Dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south | 2 | |
| 108667934 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus | 3 | |
| 108667935 | Compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world | 4 | |
| 108667936 | Opium War | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade | 5 | |
| 108667937 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War | 6 | |
| 108667938 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry | 7 | |
| 108667939 | Hong Xiuquan | leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachers of Chinese elite | 8 | |
| 108667940 | Zeng Guofan | Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping assault on Northern China | 9 | |
| 108667941 | Self-strengthening movement | Late 19th-century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders | 10 | |
| 108667942 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported the Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners | 11 | |
| 108667943 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials | 12 | |
| 108667944 | Sun Yat-sen | Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925 | 13 | |
| 108667945 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912 | 14 |
