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| 12528326894 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. | 0 | |
| 12528326895 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807. | 1 | |
| 12528326896 | Mahmud II | Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents. | 2 | |
| 12528326897 | Ulama | Religious experts. The Ottoman kings sometimes used these as unofficial advisors. | 3 | |
| 12528326898 | Tanzimat Reforms | Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876. | 4 | |
| 12528326899 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908. | 5 | |
| 12528326900 | Ottoman Society for Union and Progress | Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called the "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution. | 6 | |
| 12528326901 | Mamluks | Defended Egypt from Napoleon. They ruled Egypt as vassals. | 7 | |
| 12528326902 | Murad | Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core. | 8 | |
| 12528326903 | Battle of Aboukir | Naval battle in August of 1798. A British fleet sank most of a French fleet in this battle. | 9 | |
| 12528326904 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848. | 10 | |
| 12528326905 | Khedives | Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952. | 11 | |
| 12528326906 | Gamal Abdel Nasser | The ruler put into power in Egypt in 1952 after the overthrowing of the khedives. | 12 | |
| 12528326907 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment. | 13 | |
| 12528326908 | University of al-Azhar | A Muslim university in Egypt where warding off the European threat was a big topic. | 14 | |
| 12528326909 | Jamal al-Din al-Afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry. | 15 | |
| 12528326910 | Muhammad Abduh | Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology. | 16 | |
| 12528326911 | Ahmad Arabi | Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support. | 17 | |
| 12528326912 | Khartoum | River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan. | 18 | |
| 12528326913 | Dinka | One of the many nomadic non-Muslim peoples who captured slaves for profit. | 19 | |
| 12528326914 | Muhammad Ahmed | Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi. | 20 | |
| 12528326915 | Mahdi | In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan. | 21 | |
| 12528326916 | Abdallahi Khalifa | Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598. | 22 | |
| 12528326917 | Battle of Omdurman | British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. | 23 | |
| 12528326918 | Nurhaci | Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing. | 24 | |
| 12528326919 | Banner Armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty. | 25 | |
| 12528326920 | Qing | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south. | 26 | |
| 12528326921 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus. | 27 | |
| 12528326922 | Zhu Xi | A Chinese writer whose writings were influential to the Qing Dynasty. | 28 | |
| 12528326923 | Compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world. | 29 | |
| 12528326924 | Opium War | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade. | 30 | |
| 12528326925 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War. | 31 | |
| 12528326926 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry | 32 | |
| 12528326927 | Hong Xiuquan | Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite. | 33 | |
| 12528326928 | Hakka | A minority people in southeast China. Their women were in Hong's army. | 34 | |
| 12528326929 | Nanjing | The capital of the Ming dynasty. Established by rebels. | 35 | |
| 12528326930 | Zeng Guofan | One of the ablest scholar-gentry officials in the last half of the 19th century. Advocated the introduction of Western technologies and military reforms, and proved to be one of the staunchest defenders of the Qing dynasty. | 36 | |
| 12528326931 | Self-Strengthening Movement | Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders. | 37 | |
| 12528326932 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners. | 38 | |
| 12528326933 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials. | 39 | |
| 12528326934 | The Triads and the Society of Elders and Brothers | Two of many secret societies that formed in opposition to the Qing dynasty. | 40 | |
| 12528326935 | Sun Yat-sen | Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925. | 41 | |
| 12528326936 | Queues | Braided ponytails that the Manchus required all ethnic Chinese to have. The rebels against the Manchus cut these off. | 42 | |
| 12528326937 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912. | 43 |
