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AP World History Chapter 27 Flashcards

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12528326894AyanThe wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.0
12528326895Selim IIISultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807.1
12528326896Mahmud IIOttoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents.2
12528326897UlamaReligious experts. The Ottoman kings sometimes used these as unofficial advisors.3
12528326898Tanzimat ReformsSeries of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876.4
12528326899Abdul HamidOttoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908.5
12528326900Ottoman Society for Union and ProgressOrganization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called the "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution.6
12528326901MamluksDefended Egypt from Napoleon. They ruled Egypt as vassals.7
12528326902MuradHead of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.8
12528326903Battle of AboukirNaval battle in August of 1798. A British fleet sank most of a French fleet in this battle.9
12528326904Muhammad AliWon power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848.10
12528326905KhedivesDescendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.11
12528326906Gamal Abdel NasserThe ruler put into power in Egypt in 1952 after the overthrowing of the khedives.12
12528326907Suez CanalBuilt across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment.13
12528326908University of al-AzharA Muslim university in Egypt where warding off the European threat was a big topic.14
12528326909Jamal al-Din al-AfghaniMuslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.15
12528326910Muhammad AbduhDisciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology.16
12528326911Ahmad ArabiEgyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support.17
12528326912KhartoumRiver town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.18
12528326913DinkaOne of the many nomadic non-Muslim peoples who captured slaves for profit.19
12528326914Muhammad AhmedHead of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi.20
12528326915MahdiIn Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan.21
12528326916Abdallahi KhalifaSuccessor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598.22
12528326917Battle of OmdurmanBritish victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns.23
12528326918NurhaciArchitect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing.24
12528326919Banner ArmiesEight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.25
12528326920QingManchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.26
12528326921KangxiConfucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus.27
12528326922Zhu XiA Chinese writer whose writings were influential to the Qing Dynasty.28
12528326923CompradorsWealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world.29
12528326924Opium WarFought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade.30
12528326925Lin ZexuDistinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War.31
12528326926Taiping RebellionBroke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry32
12528326927Hong XiuquanLeader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite.33
12528326928HakkaA minority people in southeast China. Their women were in Hong's army.34
12528326929NanjingThe capital of the Ming dynasty. Established by rebels.35
12528326930Zeng GuofanOne of the ablest scholar-gentry officials in the last half of the 19th century. Advocated the introduction of Western technologies and military reforms, and proved to be one of the staunchest defenders of the Qing dynasty.36
12528326931Self-Strengthening MovementLate 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders.37
12528326932CixiUltraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners.38
12528326933Boxer RebellionPopular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials.39
12528326934The Triads and the Society of Elders and BrothersTwo of many secret societies that formed in opposition to the Qing dynasty.40
12528326935Sun Yat-senHead of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925.41
12528326936QueuesBraided ponytails that the Manchus required all ethnic Chinese to have. The rebels against the Manchus cut these off.42
12528326937PuyiLast emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912.43

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