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| 6552000679 | Holy Alliance | Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order, formed at the Congress of Vienna by the most conservative monarchies of Europe | 0 | |
| 6552000680 | Decembrist uprising | Political revolt in Russia in 1825, led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms, put down by Tsar Nickolas I | 1 | |
| 6552000681 | Crimean War | Fought between 1854 and 1856, began as Russian attempt to attack the Ottoman Empire, Russia opposed by France and Britain as well, resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology, led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II | 2 | |
| 6552000682 | emancipation of serfs | Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861, serfs obtained no political rights, required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land | 3 | |
| 6552000683 | zenstvoes | Local political councils created as a part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s), gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government, councils had no impact on national policy | 4 | |
| 6552000684 | trans-Siberian railroad | Constructed in the 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific, completed by the end of the 1880s, brought Russia into a more active Asian role | 5 | |
| 6552000685 | Sergei Witte | Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903, economic modernized responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system, encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia | 6 | |
| 6552000686 | intelligentsia | Russia term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class, 19th-century group bent on radical changes in the Russian political and social system, of teen wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West | 7 | |
| 6552000687 | anarchists | Political groups seeking abolition of formal government, formed in many parts of Europe and the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 1881 | 8 | |
| 6552000688 | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov | Better known as Lenin, most active Russian Marxist leader, insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 | 9 | |
| 6552000689 | Bolsheviks | Literally- the majority party, the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement, led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution, actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution | 10 | |
| 6552000690 | Russo-Japanese War | War between Japan and Russia (1904-1905) over territory in Manchuria, Japan defeated the Russians largely because of its naval power, Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance | 11 | |
| 6552000691 | duma | National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution if 1905, progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II, failed to forestall further revolution | 12 | |
| 6552000692 | Stolypin reforms | Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minster Piotyr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905, included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry | 13 | |
| 6552000693 | kulaks | Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land | 14 | |
| 6552000694 | terakoya | Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism, resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent of Japanese males | 15 | |
| 6552000695 | Dutch Studies | Group of Japanese scholars in implication of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century, urged freer exchange with the West, based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan | 16 | |
| 6552000696 | Matthew Perry | American commodore who visited Edo Bag with American felt in 1853, insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment, won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854 | 17 | |
| 6552000697 | Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889, part of Meiji reforms, could pass laws and approve budgets, able to advise government, but not to control it | 18 | |
| 6552000698 | zaibatsu | Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization | 19 | |
| 6552000699 | Sino-Japanese War | War fought between Japan Qing China between 1894 and 1895, resulted in Japanese victory, frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from the Liaodong peninsula | 20 | |
| 6552000700 | yellow peril | Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900, met by increased Western imperialism in region | 21 | |
| 6552000701 | B.G. Tilak | Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiousity, worked to promote restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions, offended Muslims and other religious groups, first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement | 22 | |
| 6552000702 | Morley-Minto reforms | Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils | 23 | |
| 6552000703 | Montagu-Chelmsford reforms | Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians, passed in 1919 | 24 | |
| 6552000704 | Rowlatt Act | Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press, acted to offset the concession granted under the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 | 25 | |
| 6552000705 | Mohandas Gandhi | Led sustained all-India for independence from the British Empire after World War I, stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest | 26 | |
| 6552000706 | satyagraha | Literally- "truth force," strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhu and his followers in India, later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States | 27 | |
| 6552000707 | Lord Cromer | British proconsul in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907, pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime | 28 | |
| 6552000708 | effendi | Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt, as a class generally favored Egyptian independence | 29 | |
| 6552000709 | Dinshawai incident | Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1005, arose over hunting accident along the Nile River where a wife of a prayer leader of a mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons, led to the Egyptian protest movemenr | 30 | |
| 6552000710 | Ataturk | Also known as Mustafa Kemal, leader of the Turkish Republic formed in 1923, reformed Turkish nation using Western models | 31 | |
| 6552000711 | Hussein | Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917, used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I, angered by Britain's failure to keep promise, died in 1931 | 32 | |
| 6552000712 | mandates | Governments entrusted to Europeans nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I, Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922 | 33 | |
| 6552000713 | Zionists | Members of a movement origination in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land, eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine | 34 | |
| 6552000714 | Balfour Declaration | British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917 | 35 | |
| 6552000715 | Leon Pinkster | European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible, argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land | 36 | |
| 6552000716 | Thomas Herzl | Austrian journalist and Zionist, formed World Zionist Organization in 1897, promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state | 37 | |
| 6552000717 | Alfred Dreyfus | Franch Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans, his mistreatment and exile to Devils Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France | 38 | |
| 6552000718 | World Zionist Organization | Founded by Therod Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state | 39 | |
| 6552000719 | Marcus Garvey | African American political leader, had a major impact on merging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s | 40 | |
| 6552000720 | W.E.B. DuBois | African American political leader, had a major impact on merging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s | 41 | |
| 6552000721 | pan-African | Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I | 42 | |
| 6552000722 | negritude | Literary movement in Africa, attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture, celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique, associated with origins of African nationalist movements | 43 | |
| 6552000723 | Leopold Sedar Senghor | One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values, president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980 | 44 |
