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| 9042029114 | Napoleon Bonaparte | (1769-1821) Was an officer for King Louis XVI; good military leader he was a general at 24. He led uprising and overthrew the Directory in 1799 and started a new government called the Consulate. In 1802 he established a dictatorship and made himself the emperor. He stabilized politics and made peace w/ the Roman Catholic Church (made a pact w/ the pope called the "Concordat"); He promulgated the Civil Code which brought back the patriarchal society. He was sent to the island Elba after British, Austrian, Prussian and Russian armies came together an conquered him. He escaped im 1815 and returned to his empire for 100 days before being banished again to the island of St. Helena. | 0 | |
| 9042035010 | Bourkman | A vodou priest who organized a slave revolt that took place in August 1791 when around 12 thousand slaves began to kill white settlers. He died in battle. | 1 | |
| 9042049961 | Francois-Dominique Toussaint | (1744-1803) Also known as Louverture (meaning "the opening" in French) he learned to read and write from a Roman Catholic priest so we rose to livestock overseer and later helped his masters escape to a safe place before joining the rebels in 1791. He tried to negotiate with Napoleon in a peaceful way but he was arrested and died in jail due to maltreatment. | 2 | |
| 9042053079 | Miguel de Hidalgo | (1753-1811) A priest who led the most serious peasant rebellion in Mexico. He got mestizos and indigenous people against the colonists. He later became the symbol for independence for Mexico and September 16 (1810, the day he proclaimed the revolt) is the principal national holiday in Mexico | 3 | |
| 9042056703 | Augustín de Iturbide | (1783-1824) A creole general who declared independence from Spain. He also declared himself emperor of Mexico, although his reign didn't last long because he was not a good administrator. In 1823 creole elites got rid of him and started a republic. | 4 | |
| 9042060032 | Simón Bolívar | (1738- 1830) A creole elite who led the movement for independence. He was born in modern day Venezuela, he was a big republican who agreed w/ Enlightenment ideas about popular sovereignty. He assembled an army in 1819 that crushed the Spanish army. | 5 | |
| 9042062937 | Bernardo O'Higgins | (1778-1850) A creole leader in Argentina who helped overcome the Spanish armies. | 6 | |
| 9042070054 | José de San Martín | (1778-1842) A creole leader from Chile who helped conquer the Spanish armies. | 7 | |
| 9042073856 | Pedro I | (r. 1822-1834) When the king returned to Portugal he left his son to rule in Brazil as a regent. He agreed and declared independence for Brazil and was appointed emperor. | 8 | |
| 9042076939 | Waterloo | Where the British army defeated Napoleon and his army the second time; in modern day Belgium. The battle was fought Sunday June 18, 1815. | 9 | |
| 9042079071 | Gens de couleur | Meaning "people of color" in French; in Haiti they were made up of mulattoes and who were mostly black; about 500 were sent to fight in the war for American independence. In 1791 the war civil war was between whites (settlers) and gens de couleur. | 10 | |
| 9042081760 | Central American Federation | Formed 2 years after the southern regions of Mexican empire declared independence. It lasted until 1838 when it was split into independent states, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica. | 11 | |
| 9042085258 | William Wilberforce | (1759-1833) Prominent English philanthropist who was elected to Parliament in 1780; he attacked slavery on moral and religious grounds and in 1807 Parliament passed his bill to end slavery. | 12 | |
| 9042094735 | Mary Wollstonecraft | (1759-1797) A British writer and feminist who was self-educated. She argued that women possessed the same natural rights as Locke argued men had. She published "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" in 1792. | 13 | |
| 9042097922 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | (1815-1902) After being denied entry to an anti slavery convention (only for men) she came back to the U.S and became an American feminist who organized women's rights movement in America. She wanted women to be able to vote, attend public schools, enter professional occupations, participate in public affairs. | 14 | |
| 9042100001 | Johann Gottfried von Herder | (1744-1803) Praised Volk and powerful/expressive language; he focused on the uniqueness of individual communities. | 15 | |
| 9042102778 | Giuseppe Mazzini | (1805-1872) Nationalist activist promoting independence from Austria and Spanish rule in Italy; formed a group called Young Italy which promoted independence. | 16 | |
| 9042105663 | Theodor Herzl | (1860-1904) A Jewish journalist from Vienna and founder of the Zionist movement in 1896 to create a Jewish state in Palestine; in 1896 he published the pamphlet Judenstaat | 17 | |
| 9042108060 | Prince Klemens von Metternich | (1773-1859) An influential foreign minister of Austria who guided the dismantling of Napoleon's empire, and returning sovereignty to Europe's royal families. | 18 | |
| 9042110922 | Count Camillo di Cavour | (1810-1861) Prime minister to King Vittore Emanuele II of Piedmont and Sardinia, led nationalists and expelled Austrian authorities in northern Italy allied with France; he was a cunning diplomat and in 1859 he expelled Austrian authorities from most of northern Italy in 1859. | 19 | |
| 9042122443 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | (1807-1882) Soldier and nationalist, controlled southern Italy, returned it to King Emanuele in 1860, uniting Italy. He swept through Sicily and southern Italy recruiting people and outsmarting gov. forces. | 20 | |
| 9042126417 | Otto von Bismarck | (1815-1898) A wealthy landowner who was elected prime minister by King Wilhelm I of Prussia in 1862. He created a united Germany and was a master of "the politics of reality". | 21 | |
| 9042129597 | A Vindication of the Rights of Women | An influential essay published by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792; she insisted that women had the right to education. | 22 | |
| 9042131820 | Volksgeist | The popular soul or spirit or essence of their community | 23 | |
| 9042134220 | Zionism | A political movement that said Jewish people have the right to a nation and their own national homeland. | 24 | |
| 9042137104 | Congress of Vienna | (1814-1815) Representatives from Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia under guidance of influential foreign minister of Austria met to restore old order after the defeat of Napoleon | 25 | |
| 9042139271 | "blood and iron" | Otto von Bismarck said in his first speech as prime minister that "The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes- that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849- but blood and iron" as in war. | 26 | |
| 9042143454 | Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen | A declaration written by Olympe de Gouges in 1791; the declaration granted all the rights granted to men by the 1989 declaration, to women. It included different rights like voting and freedom of speech among others- attracted attention but not many supporters. | 27 | |
| 9042146257 | Popular sovereignty | Political supremacy and authority to rule; representatives elected and are able to rule without interferences from outside rulers. | 28 | |
| 9042148376 | The Social Contract | Written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in 1762. The book talks about society oppressing the birth given freedom of citizens. | 29 | |
| 9042156158 | Continental Congress | Organized in 1774 and was in charge of controlling and coordinating the resistance of British control. | 30 | |
| 9042158935 | "no taxation without representation" | This slogan was the response of colonists to Parliament when they added new taxes; also boycotted British products and and attacked officials. | 31 | |
| 9042161588 | The Declaration of Independence | Adopted July 4, 1776; took inspiration from Enlightenment thinking; had certain rights/was used to justify the colonies wanting independence. The goal was to ensure "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness" for all. | 32 | |
| 9042164269 | Peace of Paris | Concluded in September 1783, which was when Britain recognized America's independence formally. | 33 | |
| 9042167257 | Ancien régime | Meaning "old order," was often used to describe the French's efforts to abandon their old ways during and after the French Revolution, unlike in the American colonies. | 34 | |
| 9042170935 | French Revolution | Lasted from 1789-1799; took place there was political unrest in France. | 35 | |
| 9042174023 | The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Similar to Olympe de Gouges' declaration, this one was written first and surrounded men and their rights. It held basic freedoms like voting, and freedom of speech. | 36 | |
| 9042177715 | "liberty, equality, and fraternity" | The three goals that the French society adopted; the National Assembly worked towards this goal. | 37 | |
| 9042182386 | Olympe de Gouges | Real name was Marie Gouze; she was the daughter of a butcher who self educated herself by reading and later went on to move to Paris and marry a junior army officer- she became a journalist, playwright and actress and was famous for writing the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. | 38 | |
| 9042186103 | John Locke | (1632-1704) An English philosopher for wrote influential theories, one famous one being "The Second Treatise of Civil Government" which was published in 1690. He is though to be one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, known as the "Father of Liberalism." | 39 | |
| 9042190267 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) A French philosopher and Enlightenment writer who did not agree w/ the persecution of religious minorities/the censorship of royal officials. He is most famous for his attacks on the Catholic Church. | 40 | |
| 9042193800 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | (1712-1778) A French-Swiss thinker and a big advocator for political equality. He wrote the infamous book, "The Social Contract" where he talked about individuals living by laws to ensure equality. | 41 | |
| 9042196129 | George Washington | (1732-1799) First president of the United States elected in 1789; he was also one of the founding fathers and colonial army leader. | 42 | |
| 9042198390 | Louis XVI | (r. 1774-1793) Was the last king of France before the monarchy fell during the French revolution; he wanted to raise taxes and him and his wife Marie Antoinette were eventually killed at the guillotine. | 43 | |
| 9042201419 | Maximilien Robespierre | (1758-1794) A French lawyer and politician; he ruled the convention with the radical Jacobins, which was a political party. He was known as "the Incorruptible" and he was on the Committee of Public Safety. | 44 | |
| 9042206065 | American Revolution | Tension between Britain and North American colonies; colonial protest due to taxes, trade policies and parliamentary rule; boycotting of British goods and attacks on British officials. Led to "no taxation w/o representation" | 45 |
